{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091215056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s179384060900210x","title":"Arabic Character Recognition Using a Combination of k-means and k-NN Algorithms","display_name":"Arabic Character Recognition Using a Combination of k-means and k-NN Algorithms","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091215056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s179384060900210x","mag":"2091215056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s179384060900210x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s179384060900210x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50006202","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing Of Languages","issn_l":"1793-8406","issn":["1793-8406","2010-0205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing of Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041471580","display_name":"Ahmad M. Sarhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9124-8535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4626487","display_name":"King Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dn43547","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"AHMAD M. SARHAN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041471580"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4626487"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12767267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"04","first_page":"305","last_page":"320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8192505836486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.7869905829429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7000772356987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.6304183006286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5617933869361877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5552604794502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5474735498428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4804382026195526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.46108195185661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4467063844203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.41545921564102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.22353029251098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12235084176063538}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8192505836486816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.7869905829429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7000772356987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6304183006286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5617933869361877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5552604794502258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5474735498428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4804382026195526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.46108195185661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4467063844203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.41545921564102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.22353029251098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12235084176063538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s179384060900210x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s179384060900210x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50006202","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing Of Languages","issn_l":"1793-8406","issn":["1793-8406","2010-0205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing of Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146000984","https://openalex.org/W1529871791","https://openalex.org/W1540596182","https://openalex.org/W1837418622","https://openalex.org/W1879009681","https://openalex.org/W1966982551","https://openalex.org/W1989617207","https://openalex.org/W1991848143","https://openalex.org/W2018813195","https://openalex.org/W2028761382","https://openalex.org/W2036816056","https://openalex.org/W2043742837","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2052684427","https://openalex.org/W2057984651","https://openalex.org/W2067903825","https://openalex.org/W2070844644","https://openalex.org/W2074066036","https://openalex.org/W2091632079","https://openalex.org/W2116596942","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2124351082","https://openalex.org/W2130556178","https://openalex.org/W2134383396","https://openalex.org/W2142978586","https://openalex.org/W2145065594","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2171927392","https://openalex.org/W3138330851","https://openalex.org/W4230946174","https://openalex.org/W4239510810"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382795578","https://openalex.org/W1431147547","https://openalex.org/W2355463328","https://openalex.org/W2402648945","https://openalex.org/W2053213469","https://openalex.org/W2055761197","https://openalex.org/W2771741613","https://openalex.org/W2057608111","https://openalex.org/W939486154","https://openalex.org/W2262622710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,32],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,45,64,80],"novel":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,41,61],"Arabic":[7],"character":[8,38],"recognition":[9],"is":[10,14,39,59],"proposed.":[11],"The":[12],"system":[13,78],"based":[15],"upon":[16],"the":[17,21,28,33,51,54,76,94],"k-means":[18],"algorithm":[19,25],"and":[20,84],"k-nearest":[22],"neighbors":[23],"(k-NN)":[24],"that":[26,62,75],"employs":[27],"Mahalanobis":[29],"distance":[30,47],"measure.":[31],"proposed":[34,55,77],"system,":[35,56],"each":[36],"input":[37],"mapped":[40],"its":[42,57],"class":[43],"using":[44],"minimum":[46],"classifier.":[48],"To":[49],"demonstrate":[50],"merits":[52],"of":[53,63],"performance":[58],"compared":[60],"standard":[65],"Support":[66],"Vector":[67],"Machine":[68],"(SVM)":[69],"solution.":[70],"Simulation":[71],"results":[72],"have":[73],"revealed":[74],"has":[79],"lower":[81,87],"time":[82],"complexity":[83],"always":[85],"produces":[86],"error":[88],"rates":[89],"(higher":[90],"success":[91],"rates)":[92],"than":[93],"current":[95],"SVM":[96],"solutions":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
