{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389857076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","title":"Efficient VVC Encoding Using Hierarchical Parallelization: A Comprehensive Analysis","display_name":"Efficient VVC Encoding Using Hierarchical Parallelization: A Comprehensive Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389857076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x2450003x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201727","display_name":"International Journal of Semantic Computing","issn_l":"1793-351X","issn":["1793-351X","1793-7108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Semantic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057588408","display_name":"Valeri George","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6648-6610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valeri George","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6648-6610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034989503","display_name":"Jens Brandenburg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7557-199X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Brandenburg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7557-199X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059417004","display_name":"Gabriel Hege","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4703-8091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Hege","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4703-8091","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102716639","display_name":"Tobias Hinz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3227-2374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Hinz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3227-2374","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058776579","display_name":"Adam Wieckowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-5803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam Wieckowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0490-5803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088063745","display_name":"Benjamin Bross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-3774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Bross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-3774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083836367","display_name":"Detlev Marpe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-3247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800274787","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbr6331","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Detlev Marpe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5391-3247","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Video Communication and Applications Department, Fraunhofer HHI, Berlin 10587, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057588408"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800274787"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66346511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"02","first_page":"175","last_page":"204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10741","display_name":"Video Coding and Compression Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8843038082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6137405633926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.524855375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-parallelization","display_name":"Automatic parallelization","score":0.4171541631221771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3579360842704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.20457148551940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17783105373382568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8843038082122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6137405633926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.524855375289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164833996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2323839","display_name":"Automatic parallelization","level":3,"score":0.4171541631221771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3579360842704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.20457148551940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17783105373382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201727","display_name":"International Journal of Semantic Computing","issn_l":"1793-351X","issn":["1793-351X","1793-7108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Semantic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/462906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/462906","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x2450003x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201727","display_name":"International Journal of Semantic Computing","issn_l":"1793-351X","issn":["1793-351X","1793-7108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Semantic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159729635","https://openalex.org/W1540787490","https://openalex.org/W1994940553","https://openalex.org/W2007454877","https://openalex.org/W2046670074","https://openalex.org/W2087895971","https://openalex.org/W2115547150","https://openalex.org/W2131799300","https://openalex.org/W2132599370","https://openalex.org/W2133597297","https://openalex.org/W2145905710","https://openalex.org/W2150871235","https://openalex.org/W2242912075","https://openalex.org/W3090801479","https://openalex.org/W3091230993","https://openalex.org/W3143948201","https://openalex.org/W3153323090","https://openalex.org/W3154567741","https://openalex.org/W3172281781","https://openalex.org/W3173749647","https://openalex.org/W3202918664","https://openalex.org/W4213422621","https://openalex.org/W4249214180","https://openalex.org/W4317555365","https://openalex.org/W4317600401","https://openalex.org/W4317791977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2555203579","https://openalex.org/W1842571235","https://openalex.org/W2994999011","https://openalex.org/W3024114208","https://openalex.org/W1985416522","https://openalex.org/W1819272977","https://openalex.org/W2911340114","https://openalex.org/W2034886984","https://openalex.org/W4233032676","https://openalex.org/W2158244147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"and":[3,12,40,91,108,134,158,244,285],"analyzes":[4],"different":[5],"parallelization":[6],"strategies":[7],"in":[8,66,73,89],"VVenC,":[9],"an":[10,71],"open":[11],"optimized":[13],"software":[14],"encoder":[15,79,160],"implementation":[16],"of":[17,36,95,120,124,131,151,185,210,218,240,294],"the":[18,30,43,49,57,78,121,155,183,189,194,216,225,280,287,291,295],"Versatile":[19],"Video":[20,59],"Coding":[21,60,233],"(VVC)":[22],"standard.":[23,62],"VVC":[24,90],"has":[25],"been":[26],"developed":[27],"to":[28,54,100,113,169,174,180,201,268],"address":[29],"increasing":[31],"demand":[32],"for":[33,48,85,142,171,176,188,207,265],"higher":[34,149,208,220],"compression":[35,67,122],"digital":[37],"video":[38,156],"data,":[39],"it":[41,165],"reduces":[42,193],"bitrate":[44],"by":[45,230,276,282],"around":[46],"50%":[47],"same":[50],"perceived":[51],"quality":[52],"compared":[53,267],"its":[55],"predecessor,":[56],"High-Efficiency":[58],"(HEVC)":[61],"However,":[63],"this":[64],"increase":[65,72],"efficiency":[68,123,197,222],"comes":[69],"with":[70],"computational":[74],"complexity,":[75],"particularly":[76],"on":[77,154,254],"side.":[80],"VVenC":[81,137],"integrates":[82],"algorithmic":[83],"optimizations":[84],"each":[86,125],"coding":[87,196,221],"tool":[88],"defines":[92],"a":[93,128,139,148,219,238,255,262],"set":[94],"five":[96],"presets":[97],"from":[98,167,199],"faster":[99],"slower":[101],"that":[102],"provide":[103],"Pareto-optimal":[104],"tradeoffs":[105],"between":[106],"runtime":[107,116],"efficiency.":[109],"Multithreading":[110],"is":[111,250,274],"employed":[112],"further":[114],"reduce":[115],"while":[117],"preserving":[118],"most":[119],"preset.":[126,161],"With":[127],"hierarchical":[129],"combination":[130,239],"pre-processing,":[132],"picture-level":[133],"in-picture":[135],"parallelization,":[136],"achieves":[138],"4\u00d7":[140],"speedup":[141,146,229],"four":[143],"threads.":[144],"Further":[145],"using":[147],"number":[150],"threads":[152,211,284],"depends":[153],"resolution":[157],"used":[159],"For":[162],"16":[163],"threads,":[164],"ranges":[166],"6":[168],"9":[170],"high":[172],"definition":[173],"10-12":[175],"ultra-high-definition":[177],"video.":[178],"Compared":[179],"previous":[181],"work,":[182],"usage":[184],"temporal":[186],"prediction":[187],"adaptive":[190],"loop":[191],"filter":[192],"associated":[195],"loss":[198],"0.4%":[200],"almost":[202],"zero.":[203],"A":[204],"better":[205,263],"scaling":[206,264],"numbers":[209],"can":[212],"be":[213],"achieved":[214],"at":[215],"cost":[217],"loss.":[223],"In":[224],"presented":[226,296],"framework,":[227],"increased":[228],"smaller":[231],"block":[232],"Tree":[234],"Unit":[235],"(CTU)":[236],"sizes,":[237],"wavefront":[241],"parallel":[242],"processing":[243],"various":[245],"tiles":[246],"picture":[247],"partitioning":[248],"configurations":[249],"examined.":[251],"Furthermore,":[252],"results":[253],"20-core":[256],"ARM-based":[257],"Apple":[258],"M1":[259],"computer":[260],"indicate":[261],"multithreading":[266],"\u00d7":[269],"86-based":[270],"architectures.":[271],"The":[272],"analysis":[273],"complemented":[275],"profiling,":[277],"which":[278],"exhibits":[279],"overhead":[281],"idle":[283],"identifies":[286],"mode":[288],"estimation":[289],"as":[290],"main":[292],"bottleneck":[293],"framework.":[297]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}