{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405825177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793005726500377","title":"On Urban Development Index of a Country: A Fuzzy Logic and Python Approach","display_name":"On Urban Development Index of a Country: A Fuzzy Logic and Python Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405825177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793005726500377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1793005726500377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793005726500377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135331755","display_name":"New Mathematics and Natural Computation","issn_l":"1793-0057","issn":["1793-0057","1793-7027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Mathematics and Natural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108633012","display_name":"Etienne Kerre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Etienne E. Kerre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-6487","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S9, 9000 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016593313","display_name":"Samina Ashraf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-7917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5100685","display_name":"University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052z7nw84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samina Ashraf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-7917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115668415","display_name":"Sadia Ghias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5100685","display_name":"University of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/052z7nw84","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadia Ghias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2292-8386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Bank Road Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5100685"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Atiq Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-3346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atiq Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Punjab 53710, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3199-3346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Punjab 53710, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1195118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"03","first_page":"773","last_page":"796"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.907800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6703903675079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.6508623957633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4250185191631317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.42026567459106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33016276359558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32391852140426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12327611446380615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6703903675079346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6508623957633972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4250185191631317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.42026567459106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33016276359558105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32391852140426636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12327611446380615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1793005726500377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1793005726500377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135331755","display_name":"New Mathematics and Natural Computation","issn_l":"1793-0057","issn":["1793-0057","1793-7027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Mathematics and Natural Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01KT1S68XKS7BN9YZ9QZBS2W0S","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01KT1S68XKS7BN9YZ9QZBS2W0S","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1793-7027","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88285238","https://openalex.org/W2034355872","https://openalex.org/W2104529041","https://openalex.org/W2794130862","https://openalex.org/W4249749961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2341492732","https://openalex.org/W3187193180","https://openalex.org/W106542691","https://openalex.org/W1699080303","https://openalex.org/W4297799326","https://openalex.org/W3116064965","https://openalex.org/W4287027380","https://openalex.org/W3193760048","https://openalex.org/W4285822516","https://openalex.org/W2505261959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,148,160,177],"development":[1,58,97],"index":[2],"(DI)":[3],"of":[4,57,77],"a":[5,75,115],"region":[6],"is":[7,98,107,174,179],"defined":[8],"by":[9],"various":[10],"elements":[11],"such":[12],"as":[13],"geography,":[14],"population":[15,165],"density,":[16],"gross":[17,140],"domestic":[18,141],"product":[19],"(GDP),":[20],"GDP":[21],"per":[22],"capita,":[23],"natural":[24],"resources,":[25],"markets,":[26],"economic":[27],"development,":[28],"and":[29,62,71,121,144,156,168,191,193],"other":[30],"relevant":[31],"factors.":[32],"traditional":[34],"approach":[35],"to":[36,84,93,128],"classification":[37],"usually":[38],"depends":[39],"on":[40,136],"the":[41,51,82,122,153,157,164,171,175,186],"country\u2019s":[42],"total":[43],"land":[44],"area":[45],"measured":[46],"in":[47,68,133],"square":[48],"kilometers.":[49],"Nevertheless,":[50],"transition":[52],"points":[53],"between":[54],"different":[55],"levels":[56],"size":[59],"(small,":[60],"medium,":[61],"giant)":[63],"are":[64,163],"highly":[65],"subjective,":[66],"resulting":[67],"frequent":[69],"inconsistencies":[70],"conflicts.":[72],"Fuzzy":[73],"logic,":[74,80],"superset":[76],"conventional":[78],"(Boolean)":[79],"extends":[81],"framework":[83],"include":[85],"partial":[86],"truth":[87],"values,":[88],"ranging":[89],"from":[90],"\u201cfully":[91],"true\u201d":[92],"\u201ctotally":[94],"false\u201d.":[95],"This":[96,112],"especially":[99],"essential":[100],"since":[101],"human":[102],"reasoning,":[103,106],"particularly":[104],"commonsense":[105],"approximate":[108],"rather":[109],"than":[110],"precise.":[111],"study":[113],"offers":[114],"model":[116,149],"that":[117],"uses":[118],"fuzzy":[119,124],"logic":[120],"Mamdani":[123],"inference":[125,190],"system":[126],"(MFIS)":[127],"evaluate":[129],"nine":[130],"main":[131],"cities":[132],"Pakistan":[134],"based":[135],"their":[137],"populations":[138],"(POPs),":[139],"products":[142],"(GDPs),":[143],"literacy":[145],"rates":[146],"(LR).":[147],"includes":[150],"variables":[151,162],"for":[152,189,195],"antecedents":[154],"(inputs)":[155],"consequences":[158],"(outputs).":[159],"input":[161],"(POP),":[166],"GDP,":[167],"LR,":[169],"while":[170],"output":[172],"variable":[173],"DI.":[176],"MFIS":[178],"used":[180],"with":[181],"Python":[182],"programming":[183],"tools,":[184],"including":[185],"scikit-fuzzy":[187],"library":[188],"aggregation":[192],"matplotlib":[194],"graphics.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}