{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2238625297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1469026815500145","title":"Convolutional Neural Networks with Fused Layers Applied to Face Recognition","display_name":"Convolutional Neural Networks with Fused Layers Applied to Face Recognition","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2238625297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1469026815500145","mag":"2238625297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1469026815500145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1469026815500145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206936884","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications","issn_l":"1469-0268","issn":["1469-0268","1757-5885"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311754","host_organization_name":"Imperial College Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Imperial College Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109346488","display_name":"A. R. Syafeeza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32589535","display_name":"Technical University of Malaysia Malacca","ror":"https://ror.org/01xb6rs26","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. R. Syafeeza","raw_affiliation_strings":["FKEKK, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FKEKK, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32589535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083733149","display_name":"Mohamed Khalil-Hani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2375-5719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Khalil-Hani","raw_affiliation_strings":["VeCAD Research Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VeCAD Research Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007004751","display_name":"Shan Sung Liew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-9674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. S. Liew","raw_affiliation_strings":["VeCAD Research Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VeCAD Research Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058728255","display_name":"Rabia Bakhteri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Bakhteri","raw_affiliation_strings":["VeCAD Research Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VeCAD Research Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3673,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69453214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"03","first_page":"1550014","last_page":"1550014"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9174759387969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7464120388031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6487756371498108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6041899919509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.60102379322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5972117781639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5844435095787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5709304213523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4901479184627533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.43571510910987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4263458549976349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34367725253105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3236902952194214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9174759387969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7464120388031006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6487756371498108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6041899919509888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.60102379322052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5972117781639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5844435095787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5709304213523865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4901479184627533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.43571510910987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4263458549976349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34367725253105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3236902952194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1469026815500145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1469026815500145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206936884","display_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications","issn_l":"1469-0268","issn":["1469-0268","1757-5885"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311754","host_organization_name":"Imperial College Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Imperial College Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990517717","https://openalex.org/W2030408633","https://openalex.org/W2040013760","https://openalex.org/W2095809036","https://openalex.org/W2109218456","https://openalex.org/W2112504244","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2152626669","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2157364932","https://openalex.org/W4255949318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2080152487","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W3083152911","https://openalex.org/W2964954556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,47,68],"this":[1,69],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,71],"propose":[4],"an":[5],"effective":[6],"convolutional":[7],"neural":[8,183],"network":[9,34,85,109],"(CNN)":[10],"model":[11,31,155],"to":[12,82],"the":[13,73,95,108,119,152],"problem":[14],"of":[15,41,103,118,143],"face":[16,65,122,179],"recognition.":[17],"The":[18,114],"proposed":[19,120,153],"CNN":[20,121,154],"architecture":[21,160],"applies":[22],"fused":[23],"convolution/subsampling":[24],"layers":[25],"that":[26,36,60,99,151,161],"result":[27],"in":[28,63],"a":[29,38,78,100,127,140,157],"simpler":[30],"with":[32,107,139],"fewer":[33],"parameters;":[35],"is,":[37],"smaller":[39],"number":[40],"neurons,":[42],"trainable":[43],"parameters,":[44],"and":[45,87,165,168],"connections.":[46],"addition,":[48],"it":[49],"does":[50],"not":[51],"require":[52],"any":[53],"complex":[54],"or":[55],"costly":[56],"image":[57],"preprocessing":[58],"steps":[59],"are":[61],"typical":[62],"existing":[64,176],"recognizer":[66],"systems.":[67],"work,":[70],"enhance":[72],"stochastic":[74],"diagonal":[75],"Levenberg\u2013Marquardt":[76],"algorithm,":[77],"second-order":[79],"back-propagation":[80],"algorithm":[81],"obtain":[83],"faster":[84,163],"convergence":[86],"better":[88],"generalization":[89],"ability.":[90],"Experimental":[91],"work":[92,177],"completed":[93],"on":[94,126,178,182],"ORL":[96],"database":[97],"shows":[98],"recognition":[101,123,141,172],"accuracy":[102],"100%":[104],"is":[105,134,156],"achieved,":[106],"converging":[110],"within":[111],"15":[112],"epochs.":[113],"average":[115],"processing":[116,164],"time":[117],"solution,":[124],"executed":[125],"2.5":[128],"GHz":[129],"Intel":[130],"i5":[131],"quad-core":[132],"processor,":[133],"3":[135],"s":[136],"per":[137],"epoch,":[138],"speed":[142],"less":[144],"than":[145],"0.003":[146],"s.":[147],"These":[148],"results":[149],"show":[150],"computationally":[158],"efficient":[159],"exhibits":[162],"learning":[166],"times,":[167],"also":[169],"produces":[170],"higher":[171],"accuracy,":[173],"outperforming":[174],"other":[175],"recognizers":[180],"based":[181],"networks.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
