{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1996528903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1230161212500084","title":"Who Has Seen a Free Photon?","display_name":"Who Has Seen a Free Photon?","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1996528903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1230161212500084","mag":"1996528903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1230161212500084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1230161212500084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27332288","display_name":"Open Systems & Information Dynamics","issn_l":"1230-1612","issn":["1230-1612","1573-1324","1793-7191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Systems & Information Dynamics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011709473","display_name":"Izumi Ojima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Izumi Ojima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606\u20138502, Japan","Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, #N#Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606\u20138502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, #N#Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053116273","display_name":"Hayato Saigo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4209-352X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194335595","display_name":"Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03m5fme96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194335595"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayato Saigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526\u20130829, Japan","Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526\u20130829, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194335595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194335595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57283592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"01","first_page":"1250008","last_page":"1250008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12220","display_name":"Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.7302095890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.6473683714866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/massless-particle","display_name":"Massless particle","score":0.615359902381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.5969181060791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.5498020648956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.538322925567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minkowski-space","display_name":"Minkowski space","score":0.5073935389518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.4515955150127411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4479064345359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","score":0.4232848286628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.42022430896759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2395898997783661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10726869106292725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.7302095890045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6473683714866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54937798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2024141","display_name":"Massless particle","level":2,"score":0.615359902381897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.5969181060791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.5498020648956299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.538322925567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79464548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464794","display_name":"Minkowski space","level":2,"score":0.5073935389518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4515955150127411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4479064345359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4232848286628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.42022430896759033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2395898997783661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10726869106292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s1230161212500084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s1230161212500084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27332288","display_name":"Open Systems & Information Dynamics","issn_l":"1230-1612","issn":["1230-1612","1573-1324","1793-7191"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Systems & Information Dynamics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.746.2199","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.746.2199","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1101.5782.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4980230646","display_name":"Philosophy of Computation: Towards Various Developements","funder_award_id":"24320008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W261693943","https://openalex.org/W1964301336","https://openalex.org/W1965075382","https://openalex.org/W1967300267","https://openalex.org/W1972005218","https://openalex.org/W1988109141","https://openalex.org/W2010306862","https://openalex.org/W2011783133","https://openalex.org/W2034065943","https://openalex.org/W2041921807","https://openalex.org/W2067537461","https://openalex.org/W2070243052","https://openalex.org/W2345278528","https://openalex.org/W2953551580","https://openalex.org/W2963954162","https://openalex.org/W4254718852"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591062851","https://openalex.org/W2026757695","https://openalex.org/W2039112855","https://openalex.org/W3212768530","https://openalex.org/W2242450015","https://openalex.org/W2033381377","https://openalex.org/W1989543042","https://openalex.org/W2022564318","https://openalex.org/W1607386030","https://openalex.org/W2025869139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"the":[1,4,44,52,66,83,92,100,105],"notion":[2,72],"of":[3,6,47,58,68,91,94],"position":[5,23],"photons":[7],"is":[8,40,61],"indispensable":[9],"in":[10,18,63,73,97,104],"quantum":[11],"optical":[12,74],"situations,":[13],"it":[14],"has":[15],"been":[16],"known":[17],"mathematical":[19],"physics":[20],"that":[21],"any":[22],"operator":[24],"cannot":[25],"be":[26],"defined":[27],"for":[28],"a":[29,34,48,70,95],"massless":[30],"free":[31],"particle":[32],"with":[33,54],"non-zero":[35],"finite":[36],"spin.":[37],"This":[38],"dilemma":[39],"resolved":[41],"by":[42],"introducing":[43],"\"effective":[45],"mass\"":[46],"photon":[49,96],"due":[50],"to":[51,65],"interaction":[53],"matter.":[55],"The":[56],"validity":[57],"this":[59,79],"interpretation":[60],"confirmed":[62],"reference":[64],"picture":[67],"\"polariton\",":[69],"basic":[71],"and":[75,88],"solid":[76],"physics.":[77],"In":[78],"connection,":[80],"we":[81],"discuss":[82],"long-standing":[84],"controversy":[85],"between":[86],"Minkowski's":[87],"Abraham's":[89],"definitions":[90],"momenta":[93],"media":[98],"from":[99],"general":[101],"viewpoint":[102],"adopted":[103],"Appendix.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}