{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028857028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691320500435","title":"A hybrid OFDM\u2013CDMA-based robust image watermarking technique","display_name":"A hybrid OFDM\u2013CDMA-based robust image watermarking technique","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028857028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691320500435","mag":"3028857028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219691320500435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691320500435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56986848","display_name":"International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing","issn_l":"0219-6913","issn":["0219-6913","1793-690X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085541743","display_name":"Ghulam Jilani Waqas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7055-8099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43879129","display_name":"Government College University, Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/040gec961","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43879129"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghulam Jilani Waqas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43879129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087100156","display_name":"Ishtiaq Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5296-0028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishtiaq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5296-0028","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063235182","display_name":"Muhammad Kashif Samee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Kashif Samee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074368126","display_name":"Muhammad Nasir Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1416-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nasir Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633838","display_name":"Ali Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-3616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142204992","display_name":"University of Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/051jrjw38","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142204992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04467196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"06","first_page":"2050043","last_page":"2050043"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8014605045318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.7491153478622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.7325049638748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","score":0.6231406331062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.5343092679977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5159881114959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4904792010784149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.4429798126220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4403052031993866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.4239587187767029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4238492250442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/least-significant-bit","display_name":"Least significant bit","score":0.4192074239253998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.4148824214935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3903605341911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.2794256806373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.25365766882896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2468107044696808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.21518579125404358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.20830786228179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19061261415481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.17280057072639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13228973746299744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8014605045318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.7491153478622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.7325049638748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.6231406331062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.5343092679977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5159881114959717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4904792010784149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.4429798126220703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4403052031993866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4239587187767029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4238492250442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4305246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3885225","display_name":"Least significant bit","level":2,"score":0.4192074239253998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.4148824214935303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3903605341911316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.2794256806373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.25365766882896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2468107044696808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.21518579125404358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.20830786228179932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19061261415481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.17280057072639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13228973746299744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219691320500435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691320500435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56986848","display_name":"International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing","issn_l":"0219-6913","issn":["0219-6913","1793-690X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535640642","https://openalex.org/W1986274507","https://openalex.org/W2025120461","https://openalex.org/W2079156160","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2148848374","https://openalex.org/W2293936600","https://openalex.org/W2336568179","https://openalex.org/W2480674817","https://openalex.org/W2484963638","https://openalex.org/W2792257088","https://openalex.org/W2793614911","https://openalex.org/W2906938975","https://openalex.org/W2910225346","https://openalex.org/W3100404621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767330018","https://openalex.org/W2365704436","https://openalex.org/W1967073369","https://openalex.org/W2799000474","https://openalex.org/W2080497454","https://openalex.org/W2281180546","https://openalex.org/W2066318882","https://openalex.org/W2268155565","https://openalex.org/W3200179225","https://openalex.org/W2949031990"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"watermarking":[1,82],"is":[2,64,192],"a":[3,57,77,122,125],"process":[4,103],"of":[5,14,25,59,88,108,170,188],"embedding":[6],"hidden":[7],"information":[8,137],"called":[9],"watermark":[10,113,136],"into":[11],"different":[12,69],"kinds":[13],"media":[15],"objects.":[16],"It":[17],"uses":[18],"basic":[19],"modulation,":[20],"multiplexing":[21,92],"and":[22,79,94,118,148],"transform":[23,41,45,49],"techniques":[24,31],"communication":[26,96],"for":[27,198],"hiding":[28],"information.":[29],"Traditional":[30],"used":[32],"are":[33,143,174],"least":[34],"significant":[35],"bit":[36],"(LSB)":[37],"modification,":[38],"discrete":[39,43,47],"cosine":[40],"(DCT),":[42],"wavelet":[44],"(DWT),":[46],"Fourier":[48],"(DFT),":[50],"code":[51],"division":[52,91],"multiple":[53],"access":[54],"(CDMA)":[55],"or":[56],"combination":[58],"these.":[60],"Among":[61],"these,":[62],"CDMA":[63,95],"the":[65,86,101,112,153,171,186,189,195],"most":[66],"robust":[67,81],"against":[68],"attacks":[70],"except":[71],"geometric":[72],"attacks.":[73,200],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"proposes":[76],"blind":[78],"highly":[80],"technique":[83],"by":[84,105],"utilizing":[85],"basis":[87],"orthogonal":[89],"frequency":[90],"(OFDM)":[93],"system.":[97],"In":[98],"this":[99],"scheme,":[100],"insertion":[102],"starts":[104],"taking":[106],"DFT":[107,132],"host":[109,154,165],"images,":[110],"permuting":[111],"bits":[114],"in":[115,121,179],"randomized":[116],"manner":[117],"recording":[119],"them":[120],"seed":[123],"as":[124,138],"key.":[126],"Then":[127],"PSK":[128],"modulation":[129],"follows":[130],"inverse":[131,159],"(IDFT)":[133],"that":[134,185],"gives":[135],"OFDM":[139],"symbols.":[140],"These":[141],"symbols":[142],"spread":[144],"using":[145],"spreading":[146],"codes":[147],"then":[149],"arithmetically":[150],"added":[151],"to":[152,162],"image.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"scheme":[157,173,178,191,197],"applies":[158],"DCT":[160,180],"(IDCT)":[161],"get":[163],"watermarked":[164],"images.":[166],"The":[167,182],"simulation":[168],"results":[169,183],"proposed":[172,190],"compared":[175],"with":[176],"CDMA-based":[177],"domain.":[181],"show":[184],"robustness":[187],"higher":[193],"than":[194],"existing":[196],"non-geometric":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
