{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2782363046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691318400076","title":"Accurate landmarking from 3D facial scans by CNN and cascade regression","display_name":"Accurate landmarking from 3D facial scans by CNN and cascade regression","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2782363046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691318400076","mag":"2782363046"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219691318400076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691318400076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56986848","display_name":"International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing","issn_l":"0219-6913","issn":["0219-6913","1793-690X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051120712","display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-7002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wang Kai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021590897","display_name":"Jun An","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun An","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044233783","display_name":"Xi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9983-6366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103277719","display_name":"Jianhua Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-4758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.636,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73307781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"02","first_page":"1840007","last_page":"1840007"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.8472522497177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8237897157669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8029030561447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7148771286010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6256657242774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6141610145568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6099346876144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.574540913105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5109862089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.5099447965621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.48631033301353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.43817704916000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3096838891506195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.19712746143341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11027553677558899}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.8472522497177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8237897157669067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8029030561447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7148771286010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6256657242774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6141610145568848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6099346876144409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.574540913105011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5109862089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.5099447965621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.48631033301353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.43817704916000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3096838891506195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.19712746143341064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11027553677558899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219691318400076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219691318400076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S56986848","display_name":"International Journal of Wavelets Multiresolution and Information Processing","issn_l":"0219-6913","issn":["0219-6913","1793-690X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566413196","https://openalex.org/W1965051846","https://openalex.org/W1977527736","https://openalex.org/W2003931381","https://openalex.org/W2015212590","https://openalex.org/W2015229219","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2044584741","https://openalex.org/W2073797589","https://openalex.org/W2081734071","https://openalex.org/W2087642411","https://openalex.org/W2103056131","https://openalex.org/W2110630050","https://openalex.org/W2123180320","https://openalex.org/W2125331746","https://openalex.org/W2128258626","https://openalex.org/W2130132923","https://openalex.org/W2137508330","https://openalex.org/W2146127732","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157061547","https://openalex.org/W2161116336","https://openalex.org/W2162411291","https://openalex.org/W2164185197","https://openalex.org/W2166743687"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2938417515","https://openalex.org/W2137508330","https://openalex.org/W3024120952","https://openalex.org/W2507983867","https://openalex.org/W1516931567","https://openalex.org/W2554109454","https://openalex.org/W2093040259","https://openalex.org/W3084647690","https://openalex.org/W2094136813","https://openalex.org/W2989797923","https://openalex.org/W2935322788","https://openalex.org/W2007215284","https://openalex.org/W2794091644","https://openalex.org/W2115003374","https://openalex.org/W2845961829","https://openalex.org/W2076756054","https://openalex.org/W27663482","https://openalex.org/W1996459352","https://openalex.org/W3015663082","https://openalex.org/W3134945340"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"landmarking":[1],"locates":[2],"the":[3,33,39,48,67,81,95,100,104,110,125,133,145],"key":[4],"facial":[5,9,18,28,41,69,115],"feature":[6,117],"points":[7,149],"on":[8,16,38,66,122],"data,":[10],"which":[11,43],"provides":[12],"not":[13],"only":[14,64],"information":[15],"semantic":[17],"structures,":[19],"but":[20],"also":[21],"prior":[22],"knowledge":[23],"for":[24,136],"other":[25,143],"types":[26],"of":[27,32,99,132],"analysis.":[29],"However,":[30],"most":[31],"existing":[34],"works":[35],"still":[36],"focus":[37],"2D":[40],"image":[42],"is":[44],"quite":[45],"sensitive":[46],"to":[47,54,76,93],"lighting":[49],"condition":[50],"changes.":[51],"In":[52],"order":[53],"address":[55],"this":[56,58],"limitation,":[57],"paper":[59],"proposed":[60,105,134],"a":[61,88],"coarse-to-fine":[62],"method":[63,135],"based":[65],"3D":[68,114],"scan":[70],"data":[71],"extracted":[72],"from":[73],"professional":[74],"equipment":[75],"automatically":[77],"and":[78,118,130],"accurately":[79],"estimate":[80],"landmark":[82],"localization.":[83],"Specifically,":[84],"we":[85],"firstly":[86],"trained":[87],"convolutional":[89],"neural":[90],"network":[91],"(CNN)":[92],"initialize":[94],"face":[96],"landmarks":[97,119],"instead":[98],"mean":[101],"shape.":[102],"Then":[103],"cascade":[106],"regression":[107],"networks":[108],"learn":[109],"mapping":[111],"function":[112],"between":[113],"geometry":[116],"location.":[120],"Tested":[121],"Bosphorus":[123],"database,":[124],"experimental":[126],"results":[127,146],"demonstrated":[128],"effectiveness":[129],"accuracy":[131],"[Formula:":[137],"see":[138],"text]":[139],"landmarks.":[140],"Compared":[141],"with":[142],"methods,":[144],"in":[147],"several":[148],"demonstrate":[150],"state-of-the-art":[151],"performance.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
