{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947704197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500230","title":"Combination of Complementary Technological Knowledge to Generate \u201cHard to Imitate\u201d Technologies","display_name":"Combination of Complementary Technological Knowledge to Generate \u201cHard to Imitate\u201d Technologies","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947704197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500230","mag":"2947704197"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219649219500230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30163770","display_name":"Journal of Information & Knowledge Management","issn_l":"0219-6492","issn":["0219-6492","1793-6926"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information & Knowledge Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101634227","display_name":"Zhang Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-2829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803030221","display_name":"Abington Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03jgh1p68","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803030221"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pennsylvania State University Abington, 1600 Woodland Rd, Abington, 19001 PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pennsylvania State University Abington, 1600 Woodland Rd, Abington, 19001 PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803030221","https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062520699","display_name":"Guohua Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7245-6424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161171246","display_name":"West Chester University","ror":"https://ror.org/0053n5071","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161171246"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohua Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Business Administration & Public Management, West Chester University, 700 S. High St., West Chester, PA 19383, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Business Administration & Public Management, West Chester University, 700 S. High St., West Chester, PA 19383, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161171246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07586869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"02","first_page":"1950023","last_page":"1950023"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11849","display_name":"Intellectual Capital and Performance Analysis","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.6835011839866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio","display_name":"Portfolio","score":0.6412172317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-portfolio","display_name":"Patent portfolio","score":0.6106795072555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5590164065361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5268601179122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-value-chain","display_name":"Knowledge value chain","score":0.43074917793273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/externality","display_name":"Externality","score":0.42055124044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.4193609058856964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.415620893239975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29412925243377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-learning","display_name":"Organizational learning","score":0.24112430214881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property","display_name":"Intellectual property","score":0.1736583411693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.15506136417388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.12126046419143677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.6835011839866638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.6412172317504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779635493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11279702","display_name":"Patent portfolio","level":3,"score":0.6106795072555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5590164065361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5268601179122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191628500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423404","display_name":"Knowledge value chain","level":3,"score":0.43074917793273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16118543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275372","display_name":"Externality","level":2,"score":0.42055124044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.4193609058856964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.415620893239975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29412925243377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169735623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430172","display_name":"Organizational learning","level":2,"score":0.24112430214881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.1736583411693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15506136417388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.12126046419143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219649219500230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219649219500230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30163770","display_name":"Journal of Information & Knowledge Management","issn_l":"0219-6492","issn":["0219-6492","1793-6926"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information & Knowledge Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wsi:jikmxx:v:18:y:2019:i:02:n:s0219649219500230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0219649219500230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":111,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636606330","https://openalex.org/W1497789111","https://openalex.org/W1498773561","https://openalex.org/W1507521360","https://openalex.org/W1589529420","https://openalex.org/W1590350024","https://openalex.org/W1686648511","https://openalex.org/W1906944042","https://openalex.org/W1967629308","https://openalex.org/W1974753158","https://openalex.org/W1976395435","https://openalex.org/W1977263121","https://openalex.org/W1998081726","https://openalex.org/W2003508738","https://openalex.org/W2003919344","https://openalex.org/W2007401545","https://openalex.org/W2010998367","https://openalex.org/W2011341343","https://openalex.org/W2012382172","https://openalex.org/W2016452762","https://openalex.org/W2022709494","https://openalex.org/W2024995279","https://openalex.org/W2025556731","https://openalex.org/W2025783236","https://openalex.org/W2033309570","https://openalex.org/W2034294807","https://openalex.org/W2034990006","https://openalex.org/W2037196671","https://openalex.org/W2038120481","https://openalex.org/W2040793419","https://openalex.org/W2045359822","https://openalex.org/W2045628304","https://openalex.org/W2050160040","https://openalex.org/W2050692481","https://openalex.org/W2051799082","https://openalex.org/W2053682421","https://openalex.org/W2055189494","https://openalex.org/W2056043908","https://openalex.org/W2057750557","https://openalex.org/W2060562584","https://openalex.org/W2065249441","https://openalex.org/W2068172675","https://openalex.org/W2072485521","https://openalex.org/W2075378007","https://openalex.org/W2079974542","https://openalex.org/W2080906311","https://openalex.org/W2083860273","https://openalex.org/W2084128050","https://openalex.org/W2085984100","https://openalex.org/W2086393473","https://openalex.org/W2086775403","https://openalex.org/W2090086742","https://openalex.org/W2092200968","https://openalex.org/W2095561982","https://openalex.org/W2104948296","https://openalex.org/W2108795964","https://openalex.org/W2111114024","https://openalex.org/W2111716173","https://openalex.org/W2112033364","https://openalex.org/W2112878088","https://openalex.org/W2118076625","https://openalex.org/W2119691198","https://openalex.org/W2124875931","https://openalex.org/W2125863022","https://openalex.org/W2126452106","https://openalex.org/W2129261459","https://openalex.org/W2130582315","https://openalex.org/W2132223925","https://openalex.org/W2135183477","https://openalex.org/W2139766798","https://openalex.org/W2143465259","https://openalex.org/W2144245308","https://openalex.org/W2146552108","https://openalex.org/W2157579402","https://openalex.org/W2160449301","https://openalex.org/W2161159763","https://openalex.org/W2162671764","https://openalex.org/W2163125255","https://openalex.org/W2164284962","https://openalex.org/W2165429918","https://openalex.org/W2167915553","https://openalex.org/W2170384453","https://openalex.org/W2170846062","https://openalex.org/W2179492332","https://openalex.org/W2242171410","https://openalex.org/W2318399201","https://openalex.org/W2332403578","https://openalex.org/W2397473501","https://openalex.org/W2471122708","https://openalex.org/W2783113607","https://openalex.org/W3122116753","https://openalex.org/W3122424070","https://openalex.org/W3122848851","https://openalex.org/W3123081678","https://openalex.org/W3123271837","https://openalex.org/W3123291542","https://openalex.org/W3123694963","https://openalex.org/W3124361942","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W3124567902","https://openalex.org/W3124883584","https://openalex.org/W3125090905","https://openalex.org/W3125479040","https://openalex.org/W3125571233","https://openalex.org/W4230659750","https://openalex.org/W4234067900","https://openalex.org/W4237274722","https://openalex.org/W4286779346","https://openalex.org/W4297081765","https://openalex.org/W4301066124","https://openalex.org/W4388169926"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206523219","https://openalex.org/W2360912162","https://openalex.org/W1496314710","https://openalex.org/W2085546140","https://openalex.org/W2366727221","https://openalex.org/W2062827913","https://openalex.org/W2358945205","https://openalex.org/W2395325564","https://openalex.org/W2612475754","https://openalex.org/W2345583799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Valuable":[0],"technological":[1,36,47,85,101],"knowledge":[2,21,48,65,72,82,107,117],"attracts":[3],"more":[4],"imitations.":[5],"In":[6],"light":[7],"of":[8,38,81],"knowledge-level":[9],"perspective,":[10],"this":[11],"study":[12],"investigates":[13],"how":[14],"firms":[15,93],"could":[16],"generate":[17,69,95],"rare":[18],"and":[19,45,51,67,97,111],"valuable":[20,96],"that":[22,43,62,68,78],"is":[23],"also":[24,120],"hard":[25,98],"to":[26,34,58,94,99,106],"imitate.":[27],"By":[28],"applying":[29],"specialised":[30],"complementary":[31],"assets":[32],"concept":[33],"the":[35,79],"portfolio":[37],"a":[39],"firm,":[40],"we":[41],"show":[42],"core":[44],"background":[46],"from":[49],"internal":[50],"external":[52],"sources,":[53],"respectively,":[54],"are":[55,119],"complementarily":[56],"combined":[57],"create":[59],"new":[60],"technologies":[61],"delay":[63],"inter-firm":[64],"externalities":[66],"significant":[70,89],"intra-firm":[71],"flows":[73],"simultaneously.":[74],"The":[75],"results":[76],"suggest":[77],"combination":[80],"in":[83],"certain":[84],"categories":[86],"would":[87],"have":[88],"appropriability":[90,112],"benefits,":[91],"allowing":[92],"imitate":[100],"knowledge.":[102],"This":[103],"finding":[104],"contributes":[105],"management,":[108],"patent":[109],"economics,":[110],"literature.":[113],"Managerial":[114],"implications":[115],"for":[116],"management":[118],"discussed.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}