{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135860628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021946782140009x","title":"Extraction of Multiple Diseases in Apple Leaf Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Extraction of Multiple Diseases in Apple Leaf Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135860628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021946782140009x","mag":"3135860628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021946782140009x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021946782140009x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60080701","display_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","issn_l":"0219-4678","issn":["0219-4678","1793-6756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004707966","display_name":"Swati Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8883-408X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904467727","display_name":"Himachal Pradesh University","ror":"https://ror.org/02s5yma07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904467727"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swati Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla  171005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering, University Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla  171005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904467727"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078742860","display_name":"Sheifali Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5692-418X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheifali Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049302674","display_name":"Ankush Tanta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankush Tanta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University School of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036534396","display_name":"Rupesh Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-584X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rupesh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.272,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97442146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"03","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7027065753936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7021890878677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6287204623222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5280278921127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5051866173744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.49557387828826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4906848669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4752231240272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4362887144088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38058292865753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20110303163528442}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7027065753936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7021890878677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6287204623222351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5280278921127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5051866173744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.49557387828826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4906848669052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4752231240272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4362887144088745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38058292865753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20110303163528442}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021946782140009x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021946782140009x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60080701","display_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","issn_l":"0219-4678","issn":["0219-4678","1793-6756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990130820","https://openalex.org/W2003007706","https://openalex.org/W2007550651","https://openalex.org/W2013970200","https://openalex.org/W2023592671","https://openalex.org/W2036073641","https://openalex.org/W2038175477","https://openalex.org/W2107311958","https://openalex.org/W2531067491","https://openalex.org/W2548258044","https://openalex.org/W2585286277","https://openalex.org/W2969364300","https://openalex.org/W2978605283","https://openalex.org/W2996203718","https://openalex.org/W3016522735","https://openalex.org/W3017142502","https://openalex.org/W4206343787","https://openalex.org/W4206628288","https://openalex.org/W4230248672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517104666","https://openalex.org/W2005437358","https://openalex.org/W1669643531","https://openalex.org/W1986586280","https://openalex.org/W2008656436","https://openalex.org/W2035413902","https://openalex.org/W1983610137","https://openalex.org/W2787706201","https://openalex.org/W2131911629","https://openalex.org/W2063599644"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,59,135],"novel":[4,136,155],"algorithm":[5],"of":[6,8,29,52,65,83,101,127,152,194],"segmentation":[7,21,51,164],"diseased":[9,81,128],"part":[10,82,131],"in":[11,45,62],"apple":[12,102,129,169,185],"leaf":[13,19,41,85,89,130,141],"images.":[14,49,67],"In":[15,96],"agriculture-based":[16],"image":[17],"processing,":[18],"diseases":[20],"is":[22,33,58,76,132,143,196],"the":[23,39,43,56,63,80,84,87,97,110,125,147,153,167],"main":[24],"processing":[25,64],"task":[26],"for":[27],"region":[28],"interest":[30],"extraction.":[31],"It":[32],"also":[34],"extremely":[35],"important":[36],"to":[37,78,145,162],"segment":[38,79],"plant":[40,53,66,140],"from":[42,55,86],"background":[44,57,105],"case":[46],"on":[47],"live":[48,88],"Automated":[50],"leaves":[54,100,111],"common":[60],"challenge":[61],"Although":[68],"numerous":[69],"methods":[70],"have":[71,106,112],"been":[72,107,113],"proposed,":[73],"still":[74],"it":[75],"tough":[77],"images":[90],"accurately":[91],"by":[92,115],"one":[93],"particular":[94],"method.":[95],"proposed":[98,148,154],"work,":[99],"having":[103],"different":[104,188],"segmented.":[108],"Firstly,":[109],"enhanced":[114],"using":[116,134,187,198],"Brightness-Preserving":[117],"Dynamic":[118],"Fuzzy":[119],"Histogram":[120],"Equalization":[121],"technique":[122],"and":[123,172],"then":[124],"extraction":[126,137],"done":[133],"algorithm.":[138],"Real-time":[139],"database":[142],"used":[144],"validate":[146],"approach.":[149],"The":[150],"results":[151,159],"methodology":[156],"give":[157],"better":[158],"when":[160],"compared":[161],"existing":[163],"algorithms.":[165],"From":[166],"segmented":[168],"leaves,":[170],"color":[171],"texture":[173],"features":[174],"are":[175,178],"extracted":[176],"which":[177],"further":[179],"classified":[180],"as":[181],"marsonina":[182],"coronaria":[183],"or":[184],"scab":[186],"machine":[189],"learning":[190],"classifiers.":[191],"Best":[192],"accuracy":[193],"96.4%":[195],"achieved":[197],"K":[199],"nearest":[200],"neighbor":[201],"classifier.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}