{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900142599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219467818500225","title":"Handwritten Devanagari Similar Character Recognition by Fisher Linear Discriminant and Pairwise Classification","display_name":"Handwritten Devanagari Similar Character Recognition by Fisher Linear Discriminant and Pairwise Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900142599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219467818500225","mag":"2900142599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219467818500225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219467818500225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60080701","display_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","issn_l":"0219-4678","issn":["0219-4678","1793-6756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005945539","display_name":"Mahesh Jangid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5697-8786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh Jangid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSE, SCIT, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSE, SCIT, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080604534","display_name":"Sumit Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-736X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73779912","display_name":"Manipal University Jaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/040h76494","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumit Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT, SCIT, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT, SCIT, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005945539"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73779912"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56414143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"04","first_page":"1850022","last_page":"1850022"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/devanagari","display_name":"Devanagari","score":0.9665749669075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7573396563529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.7114362120628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6933004260063171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6703288555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6649254560470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.661678671836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5560339689254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.49723127484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.47111061215400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.46189582347869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.41712215542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4131513237953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.2475649118423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21290600299835205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780144916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38592","display_name":"Devanagari","level":4,"score":0.9665749669075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7573396563529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.7114362120628357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6933004260063171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6703288555145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6649254560470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.661678671836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5560339689254761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.49723127484321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.47111061215400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.46189582347869873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.41712215542793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4131513237953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.2475649118423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21290600299835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219467818500225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219467818500225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S60080701","display_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","issn_l":"0219-4678","issn":["0219-4678","1793-6756"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Image and Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327938","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565542963","https://openalex.org/W1968677253","https://openalex.org/W2044943596","https://openalex.org/W2077365163","https://openalex.org/W2119305530","https://openalex.org/W2126017095","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2139700572","https://openalex.org/W2256856499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211505959","https://openalex.org/W3003949997","https://openalex.org/W2062505792","https://openalex.org/W2110485610","https://openalex.org/W3199359807","https://openalex.org/W3047607512","https://openalex.org/W4390983538","https://openalex.org/W2744690920","https://openalex.org/W2787081548","https://openalex.org/W183832189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55,77,134,155],"research":[1,20],"works":[2],"in":[3,102,109,128],"Handwritten":[4],"Devanagari":[5,170],"Characters":[6],"are":[7,126],"continually":[8],"evolving":[9],"into":[10],"new":[11,16],"challenges,":[12],"which":[13,45,64,147,164],"exposed":[14],"the":[15,30,39,42,49,81,87,91,96,106,110,120,124,137,144,152,161,179],"sources":[17,51],"of":[18,29,41,48,52,80,90],"further":[19],"work":[21,83,157],"like,":[22],"character":[23,58,93],"normalization,":[24,26],"gray-level":[25],"a":[27,60],"discrimination":[28,40],"similar":[31,43,56,92],"characters":[32,125,171],"and":[33,69,94,132,172],"many":[34],"more.":[35],"This":[36],"paper":[37,135],"discusses":[38],"characters,":[44],"is":[46,65,84,114,148],"one":[47],"major":[50],"classification":[53,107],"error.":[54],"shape":[57],"has":[59,165,175],"very":[61],"minute":[62],"difference,":[63],"called":[66],"critical":[67,88,121,145],"region":[68,89,122],"used":[70,149],"to":[71,85,98,104,118,142,150],"discriminate":[72],"them":[73],"by":[74,178],"human":[75],"beings.":[76],"primary":[78],"goal":[79],"current":[82],"identify":[86,119],"use":[95],"same":[97],"generate":[99],"additional":[100,153],"features":[101],"order":[103],"minimize":[105],"errors":[108],"end":[111],"results.":[112],"It":[113],"also":[115],"quite":[116],"challenging":[117],"as":[123],"written":[127],"different":[129],"handwriting":[130],"styles":[131],"fonts.":[133],"suggestes":[136],"Fisher":[138],"linear":[139],"discriminant":[140],"model":[141],"detect":[143],"region,":[146],"extract":[151],"feature.":[154],"experiments":[156],"was":[158],"conducted":[159],"on":[160],"standard":[162],"database,":[163],"36[Formula:":[166],"see":[167],"text]172":[168],"handwritten":[169],"significant":[173],"improvement":[174],"been":[176],"recorded":[177],"aforesaid":[180],"technique.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
