{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2109244119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219427900000168","title":"Macro University: A Framework for a Federation of Virtual Universities","display_name":"Macro University: A Framework for a Federation of Virtual Universities","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2109244119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219427900000168","mag":"2109244119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219427900000168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219427900000168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50006202","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing Of Languages","issn_l":"1793-8406","issn":["1793-8406","2010-0205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing of Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111990509","display_name":"S.-K. Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9577-2401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. K. CHANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021856071","display_name":"Timothy Arndt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6451-9918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. ARNDT","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cleveland State University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cleveland State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008314224","display_name":"S. Levialdi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. LEVIALDI","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Roma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Roma, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031293762","display_name":"A. C. Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4880106","display_name":"Feng Chia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vhczg54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. C. LIU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Feng Chia University, Taiwan, ROC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Feng Chia University, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4880106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101889777","display_name":"Jun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-7216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141591182","display_name":"University of Aizu","ror":"https://ror.org/02pg0e883","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. MA","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Aizu, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Aizu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141591182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081089928","display_name":"Timothy K. Shih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4154-4752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107470533","display_name":"Tamkang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tft4718","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. SHIH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tamkang University, Taiwan, ROC"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tamkang University, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107470533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074856207","display_name":"Genoveffa Tortora","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4765-8371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131729948","display_name":"University of Salerno","ror":"https://ror.org/0192m2k53","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. TORTORA","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salerno, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salerno, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131729948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111990509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8686,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8129234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"03","first_page":"205","last_page":"221"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.8549000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10715","display_name":"Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems","score":0.8549000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.8360999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.8832685351371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7832314968109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4817824065685272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.47390902042388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.4620484709739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.4581626057624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4262138605117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.42209121584892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.3523184061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10575160384178162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08654668927192688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.8832685351371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7832314968109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4817824065685272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.47390902042388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.4620484709739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.4581626057624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4262138605117798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.42209121584892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3523184061050415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10575160384178162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08654668927192688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219427900000168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219427900000168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50006202","display_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing Of Languages","issn_l":"1793-8406","issn":["1793-8406","2010-0205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Computer Processing of Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:987654321/45479","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw/dspace/handle/987654321/45479","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058462822","https://openalex.org/W2063064479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2030816003","https://openalex.org/W4239992647","https://openalex.org/W2150013480","https://openalex.org/W1554458299","https://openalex.org/W2076325756","https://openalex.org/W81423522","https://openalex.org/W1509860481","https://openalex.org/W2488264085","https://openalex.org/W4386206750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\u88dc\u6b63\u5b8c\u7562":[0]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
