{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041365506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198904000186","title":"THE FORGIVING TRIGGER STRATEGY: AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE TRIGGER STRATEGY","display_name":"THE FORGIVING TRIGGER STRATEGY: AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE TRIGGER STRATEGY","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041365506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198904000186","mag":"2041365506"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219198904000186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198904000186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130757258","display_name":"International Game Theory Review","issn_l":"0219-1989","issn":["0219-1989","1793-6675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Game Theory Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020648783","display_name":"Miguel Aramend\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4181-2323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. ARAMENDIA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economia Aplicada IV, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Avda. L. Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48015, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economia Aplicada IV, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Avda. L. Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48015, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113122746","display_name":"L. Ruiz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. RUIZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economia Aplicada IV, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Avda. L. Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48015, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economia Aplicada IV, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Avda. L. Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48015, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088653503","display_name":"Federico Valenciano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8750-9122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. VALENCIANO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economia Aplicada IV, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Avda. L. Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48015, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economia Aplicada IV, Universidad del Pais Vasco, Avda. L. Aguirre 83, Bilbao 48015, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020648783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17365436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"06","issue":"02","first_page":"247","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collusion","display_name":"Collusion","score":0.8087460994720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-economics","display_name":"Mathematical economics","score":0.6882961988449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgame","display_name":"Subgame","score":0.6762579679489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgame-perfect-equilibrium","display_name":"Subgame perfect equilibrium","score":0.6400880813598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.6175740957260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cournot-competition","display_name":"Cournot competition","score":0.5688565373420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.5626123547554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.521171510219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligopoly","display_name":"Oligopoly","score":0.42835038900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategy","display_name":"Strategy","score":0.41299962997436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38559359312057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3832269310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-response","display_name":"Best response","score":0.2903274893760681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.2780318260192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epsilon-equilibrium","display_name":"Epsilon-equilibrium","score":0.22583934664726257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.8087460994720459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.6882961988449097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13576547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3965283","display_name":"Subgame","level":5,"score":0.6762579679489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175983524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1615834","display_name":"Subgame perfect equilibrium","level":3,"score":0.6400880813598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6175740957260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16520705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q601799","display_name":"Cournot competition","level":2,"score":0.5688565373420715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5626123547554016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.521171510219574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121398111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103639","display_name":"Oligopoly","level":3,"score":0.42835038900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88959737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546627","display_name":"Strategy","level":3,"score":0.41299962997436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38559359312057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3832269310951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32407928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733833","display_name":"Best response","level":3,"score":0.2903274893760681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2780318260192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141824439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q307521","display_name":"Epsilon-equilibrium","level":4,"score":0.22583934664726257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0219198904000186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219198904000186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130757258","display_name":"International Game Theory Review","issn_l":"0219-1989","issn":["0219-1989","1793-6675"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Game Theory Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wsi:igtrxx:v:06:y:2004:i:02:n:s0219198904000186","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0219198904000186","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861744063","https://openalex.org/W1981862073","https://openalex.org/W1994752643","https://openalex.org/W2011065519","https://openalex.org/W2077937741","https://openalex.org/W2082524842","https://openalex.org/W2132980074","https://openalex.org/W2239493694","https://openalex.org/W2740984722","https://openalex.org/W4290016560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084865597","https://openalex.org/W4366813667","https://openalex.org/W3125950471","https://openalex.org/W2026482387","https://openalex.org/W1760610438","https://openalex.org/W3121866922","https://openalex.org/W3125676384","https://openalex.org/W2997049325","https://openalex.org/W2766452142","https://openalex.org/W2286323318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,68],"grim-trigger":[1,47],"strategy":[2,48,114],"introduced":[3],"by":[4,24],"Friedman":[5],"is":[6,41,71],"often":[7],"used":[8],"in":[9,54,81,91,115],"economic":[10],"models,":[11],"mainly":[12],"because":[13],"of":[14,26,64,79,112],"its":[15],"simplicity,":[16],"to":[17,43],"show":[18,35],"that":[19,96],"collusion":[20],"can":[21],"be":[22],"sustained":[23],"means":[25],"a":[27,74,92],"subgame":[28,51],"perfect":[29],"equilibrium.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32,113],"work":[33],"we":[34],"that,":[36,72],"under":[37],"simple":[38],"conditions,":[39],"it":[40],"possible":[42],"improve":[44],"on":[45],"the":[46,62,76,82,109,116],"while":[49],"retaining":[50],"perfection":[52],"and":[53,66],"some":[55],"cases":[56],"adding":[57],"weak":[58],"renegotiation":[59],"proofness":[60],"(in":[61],"sense":[63],"Farrell":[65],"Maskin).":[67],"basic":[69],"idea":[70],"following":[73],"deviation,":[75],"cheater,":[77],"instead":[78],"continuing":[80],"Nash":[83],"equilibrium":[84],"forever,":[85],"chooses":[86],"an":[87],"autopenalty":[88],"which":[89],"signals,":[90],"very":[93],"strong":[94],"way,":[95],"he/she":[97],"would":[98],"not":[99],"deviate":[100],"any":[101],"more":[102],"if":[103],"cooperation":[104],"were":[105],"reestablished.":[106],"We":[107],"check":[108],"nice":[110],"working":[111],"Cournot's":[117],"oligopoly":[118],"model.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}