{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403612212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852440018x","title":"Designing and Investigating the Impact of an AR Application for Learning Spatial Thinking Skills at Middle Level","display_name":"Designing and Investigating the Impact of an AR Application for Learning Spatial Thinking Skills at Middle Level","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403612212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852440018x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021848852440018x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852440018x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69518169","display_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0218-4885","issn":["0218-4885","1793-6411"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009492271","display_name":"Tahira Anwar Lashari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0474-1650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahira Anwar Lashari","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073581807","display_name":"Tashfa Afzal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tashfa Afzal","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039573333","display_name":"Sana Anwar Lashari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-9017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94625822","display_name":"Northern University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/01ss10648","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94625822"]}],"countries":["MY","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Anwar Lashari","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, Sintok 06010 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, Sintok 06010 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94625822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077515809","display_name":"Rabia Irfan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143942","display_name":"National University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e21fw44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabia Irfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad H-12, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143942","https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060826805","display_name":"Saima Anwar Lashari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6209-491X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120238654","display_name":"Saudi Electronic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ndh7v49","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94625822","display_name":"Northern University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/01ss10648","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94625822"]}],"countries":["MY","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saima Anwar Lashari","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, Sintok 06010 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh 11673, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120238654"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, Sintok 06010 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Kedah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94625822"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056407235","display_name":"Muhammad Aziz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-8500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mian Talha Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College of Art and Design, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College of Art and Design, University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28703975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"07","first_page":"1093","last_page":"1110"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12343","display_name":"Geography Education and Pedagogy","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12343","display_name":"Geography Education and Pedagogy","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.965399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9294000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-level","display_name":"Middle level","score":0.5164989829063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-thinking","display_name":"Critical thinking","score":0.4297301173210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.42697271704673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4126323163509369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.36321204900741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21251645684242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.06740754842758179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991779303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6841486","display_name":"Middle level","level":3,"score":0.5164989829063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C533356498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843894","display_name":"Critical thinking","level":2,"score":0.4297301173210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.42697271704673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4126323163509369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36321204900741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21251645684242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06740754842758179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021848852440018x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852440018x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69518169","display_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0218-4885","issn":["0218-4885","1793-6411"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1894155941","https://openalex.org/W1910115715","https://openalex.org/W1963827698","https://openalex.org/W1967218486","https://openalex.org/W2016079245","https://openalex.org/W2099721739","https://openalex.org/W2335239242","https://openalex.org/W2460513836","https://openalex.org/W2520263651","https://openalex.org/W2531520879","https://openalex.org/W2727348144","https://openalex.org/W2744148867","https://openalex.org/W2806101786","https://openalex.org/W2885010165","https://openalex.org/W2969835718","https://openalex.org/W3008537944","https://openalex.org/W3087847511","https://openalex.org/W3136385087","https://openalex.org/W3158053908","https://openalex.org/W3189243085","https://openalex.org/W4205932558","https://openalex.org/W4210531650","https://openalex.org/W4283743176","https://openalex.org/W4292808503","https://openalex.org/W4296925621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"thinking":[1,83,120],"is":[2,63,94,127],"the":[3,46,55,58,67,74,87,107],"ability":[4,84],"to":[5,66,97,188],"mentally":[6],"visualize":[7,148],"and":[8,14,36,70,111,129,141,153,161,173,175,198],"manipulate":[9],"3D":[10,133],"objects,":[11],"identify":[12],"patterns,":[13],"describe":[15],"relationships":[16],"among":[17],"objects":[18,149],"in":[19,29,73,101,150],"a":[20,95,118],"setting.":[21],"These":[22],"skills":[23,59],"are":[24,105],"highly":[25],"predictive":[26],"of":[27,39,57,77,109,171,177,182],"success":[28],"engineering,":[30],"architecture,":[31],"graphic":[32],"design,":[33],"computer":[34],"science,":[35],"other":[37,53],"fields":[38],"education.":[40],"In":[41,115],"our":[42],"education":[43],"system,":[44],"at":[45,86,106],"school":[47,103],"level,":[48],"teachers":[49],"focus":[50],"on":[51,65,81,99,124],"something":[52],"than":[54],"development":[56],"mentioned":[60],"above.":[61],"Which":[62],"passed":[64],"next":[68],"cadre":[69],"even":[71],"reflected":[72],"professional":[75],"lives":[76],"students.":[78],"Most":[79],"research":[80,164],"spatial":[82,119,191,195],"develops":[85],"undergraduate":[88],"or":[89],"primary":[90],"levels.":[91],"However,":[92],"there":[93],"need":[96],"work":[98],"adolescents":[100,145],"middle":[102],"who":[104],"stage":[108],"learning":[110,121],"manipulating":[112],"abstract":[113],"concepts.":[114],"this":[116],"study,":[117],"application":[122],"based":[123],"AR":[125,135,138],"technology":[126],"developed":[128],"evaluated":[130],"using":[131,203],"Unity":[132],"with":[134],"foundation":[136],"libraries.":[137],"technology\u2019s":[139],"augmented":[140],"immersive":[142],"characteristics":[143],"helped":[144],"(12\u201313":[146],"years)":[147],"three":[151],"dimensions":[152],"make":[154],"inferences":[155],"about":[156],"them.":[157],"One":[158],"group":[159],"pre":[160],"posttest":[162],"pre-experimental":[163],"design":[165],"was":[166],"followed.":[167],"Statistically":[168],"significant":[169],"results":[170],"pre-":[172],"post-surveys":[174],"graphs":[176],"in-app":[178],"calculations":[179],"provide":[180],"evidence":[181],"learning.":[183],"This":[184],"experience":[185],"allowed":[186],"students":[187],"actively":[189],"practice":[190],"constructs,":[192],"enhance":[193],"their":[194,200],"reasoning":[196],"skills,":[197],"boost":[199],"self-efficacy":[201],"while":[202],"these":[204],"skills.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
