{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200619267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852140016x","title":"Black-Hole Attack Mitigation in Medical Sensor Networks Using the Enhanced Gravitational Search Algorithm","display_name":"Black-Hole Attack Mitigation in Medical Sensor Networks Using the Enhanced Gravitational Search Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200619267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852140016x"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021848852140016x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852140016x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69518169","display_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0218-4885","issn":["0218-4885","1793-6411"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083548267","display_name":"Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-7359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155125381","display_name":"Galgotias University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ba206","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Engineering, Galgotias University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155125381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037977430","display_name":"Rutvij H. Jhaveri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3285-7346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33586908","display_name":"Pandit Deendayal Energy University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nsv5p42","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33586908"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rutvij H. Jhaveri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33586908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035494284","display_name":"Lalitha Krishnasamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4682-8191"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lalitha Krishnasamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041541232","display_name":"Gautam Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48890080","display_name":"Brandon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp25a50","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]}],"countries":["CA","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gautam Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Brandon University, MB, Canada","Research Centre for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-4103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics & Computer Science, Brandon University, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48890080"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Centre for Interneural Computing, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064982530","display_name":"Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-2495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876193797","display_name":"Vellore Institute of Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qzypv28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876193797"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95788188,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"Supp02","first_page":"297","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9054999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.7451410889625549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6959615349769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6616942286491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.624586284160614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6228599548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sybil-attack","display_name":"Sybil attack","score":0.5414441227912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5113705992698669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-drop-attack","display_name":"Packet drop attack","score":0.48568353056907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4588220417499542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.20052483677864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.1198074221611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10139161348342896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.7451410889625549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6959615349769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6616942286491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.624586284160614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6228599548339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777505653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4470796","display_name":"Sybil attack","level":3,"score":0.5414441227912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5113705992698669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35546906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2900718","display_name":"Packet drop attack","level":5,"score":0.48568353056907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4588220417499542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20052483677864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.1198074221611023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10139161348342896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021848852140016x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021848852140016x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69518169","display_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","issn_l":"0218-4885","issn":["0218-4885","1793-6411"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039821316","https://openalex.org/W2053796240","https://openalex.org/W2388081684","https://openalex.org/W2765293204","https://openalex.org/W4205346664","https://openalex.org/W1557263371","https://openalex.org/W3116615970","https://openalex.org/W1969299296","https://openalex.org/W2366367555","https://openalex.org/W2125459098"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,190],"today\u2019s":[1],"world,":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,24,26,41,77,86,119,184,206,227],"the":[5,52,58,90,95,111,117,143,150,170,182,188,191,240,243,246,253],"most":[6],"severe":[7],"attacks":[8,78],"that":[9],"wireless":[10],"sensor":[11,156],"networks":[12],"(WSNs)":[13],"face":[14],"is":[15,21,61,64,72,81,98,136,178,194,208],"a":[16,22,39,44,175],"Black-Hole":[17],"(BH)":[18],"attack":[19,31,113,127,172,216,229],"which":[20],"type":[23],"Denial":[25],"Service":[27],"(DoS)":[28],"attack.":[29],"This":[30],"blocks":[32],"data":[33,56],"and":[34,63,88,114,148,198,250],"injects":[35],"infected":[36],"programs":[37],"into":[38,107],"set":[40],"sensors":[42],"in":[43,57,122,153,174,187,202],"group":[45],"to":[46,51,66,74,83,109,115,141,165,180,196],"capture":[47],"packets":[48],"before":[49],"reached":[50],"target.":[53],"Therefore,":[54],"raw":[55],"BH":[59,112,144,151,171,185,200,215,228],"region":[60],"thwarted":[62],"unable":[65],"reach":[67],"its":[68],"destination.":[69],"The":[70,204],"network":[71,96],"susceptible":[73],"various":[75],"types":[76,85],"as":[79,214],"it":[80],"accessible":[82],"all":[84],"users":[87],"minimizing":[89],"energy":[91,164,167,221,254],"depletion":[92],"without":[93],"compromising":[94],"lifetime":[97],"an":[99],"NP-hard":[100],"problem.":[101],"Even":[102],"though":[103],"numerous":[104],"protocols":[105],"came":[106],"effect":[108],"overcome":[110],"enhance":[116],"security":[118],"packet":[120],"delivery":[121,233],"WSNs,":[123],"Simulated":[124],"Annealing":[125],"Black-hole":[126],"Detection":[128],"(SABD)":[129],"based":[130],"Enhanced":[131],"Gravitational":[132],"Search":[133],"Algorithm":[134],"(EGSA)":[135],"yet":[137],"another":[138],"implemented":[139],"strategy":[140],"reduce":[142,166],"attacks.":[145],"EGSA-SABD":[146,193,207,244],"detects":[147],"isolates":[149],"infectors":[152],"WSNs.":[154,203],"Initially,":[155],"nodes":[157,186],"are":[158],"hierarchically":[159],"clustered":[160],"using":[161],"similar":[162],"residual":[163],"consumption.":[168],"Then,":[169],"possibility":[173],"deployed":[176],"node":[177],"evaluated":[179,209],"find":[181],"existence":[183],"region.":[189],"end,":[192],"employed":[195],"detect":[197],"quarantine":[199],"attackers":[201],"performance":[205],"with":[210],"certain":[211],"metrics":[212],"such":[213],"detection":[217,230],"probability":[218],"rate":[219],"(BHatt_Prate),":[220],"consumption":[222,255],"(E":[223],"c":[224],"),":[225],"Duration":[226],"(Attduration),":[231],"Packet":[232],"ratio":[234],"(P":[235],"dr":[236],").":[237],"Based":[238],"on":[239],"experimental":[241],"observations,":[242],"outperforms":[245],"BHatt_Prate":[247],"by":[248,256],"13%":[249],"also":[251],"reduces":[252],"21%.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}