{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993407270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000068","title":"AN IMPROVEMENT TO TOP-DOWN CLAUSE SPECIALIZATION","display_name":"AN IMPROVEMENT TO TOP-DOWN CLAUSE SPECIALIZATION","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993407270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000068","mag":"1993407270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218213098000068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178780388","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools","issn_l":"0218-2130","issn":["0218-2130","1793-6349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004591025","display_name":"Po-Chi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PO-CHI CHEN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C","Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059722804","display_name":"Suh-Yin Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SUH-YIN LEE","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C","Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, R.O.C.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11479749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"07","issue":"01","first_page":"71","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","score":0.8881280422210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8351460695266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-logic-programming","display_name":"Inductive logic programming","score":0.8041421175003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.7737092971801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subtraction","display_name":"Subtraction","score":0.5330803394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5307179689407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5242640972137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4168643355369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3958585560321808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3268068730831146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2954925298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.17040199041366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11208835244178772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780882242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14235582","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.8881280422210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8351460695266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779382394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464197","display_name":"Inductive logic programming","level":2,"score":0.8041421175003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.7737092971801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68060419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40754","display_name":"Subtraction","level":2,"score":0.5330803394317627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5307179689407349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5242640972137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4168643355369568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3958585560321808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3268068730831146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2954925298690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.17040199041366577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11208835244178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218213098000068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213098000068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178780388","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools","issn_l":"0218-2130","issn":["0218-2130","1793-6349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987902506","https://openalex.org/W1999138184","https://openalex.org/W2028373328","https://openalex.org/W2029449305","https://openalex.org/W2037689320","https://openalex.org/W2062686286","https://openalex.org/W2101602574","https://openalex.org/W2110836048","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2160943311","https://openalex.org/W2162152259"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354228963","https://openalex.org/W2353470215","https://openalex.org/W2368065130","https://openalex.org/W2079547420","https://openalex.org/W2375526953","https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W1961477852","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W1993407270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"remarkable":[1],"progress":[2],"of":[3,22,96,133],"recent":[4],"research":[5],"in":[6,109],"machine":[7],"learning":[8],"is":[9,20,31,117,127],"inductive":[10],"logic":[11],"programming":[12],"(ILP).":[13],"In":[14,82],"most":[15,24],"ILP":[16,111],"system,":[17],"clause":[18,29],"specialization":[19,30],"one":[21,56],"the":[23,28,44,66,131],"important":[25],"tasks.":[26],"Usually,":[27],"performed":[32],"by":[33,50],"adding":[34,99],"a":[35,38,63,87,94],"literal":[36,57],"at":[37,62],"time":[39,64],"using":[40,113],"hill-climbing":[41],"heuristics.":[42],"However,":[43],"single-literal":[45,101],"addition":[46],"can":[47,106],"be":[48,60,107],"caught":[49],"local":[51],"pits":[52],"when":[53],"more":[54],"than":[55],"needs":[58],"to":[59,79,92,120,129],"added":[61],"increase":[65],"accuracy.":[67],"Several":[68],"techniques":[69],"have":[70],"been":[71],"proposed":[72],"for":[73,98],"this":[74,83],"problem":[75],"but":[76],"are":[77],"restricted":[78,119],"relational":[80,121],"domains.":[81,122],"paper,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86],"technique":[88,105],"called":[89],"structure":[90],"subtraction":[91],"construct":[93],"set":[95],"candidates":[97],"literals,":[100],"or":[102],"multiple-literals.":[103],"This":[104],"employed":[108],"any":[110],"system":[112,126],"top-down":[114],"specilization":[115],"and":[116],"not":[118],"A":[123],"theory":[124],"revision":[125],"described":[128],"illustrate":[130],"use":[132],"structural":[134],"subtraction.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
