{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972038970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213020500050","title":"Estimation of Personalized Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Using Concatenation and Augmentation of Feature Vectors","display_name":"Estimation of Personalized Heterogeneous Treatment Effects Using Concatenation and Augmentation of Feature Vectors","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972038970","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213020500050","mag":"2972038970"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218213020500050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213020500050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178780388","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools","issn_l":"0218-2130","issn":["0218-2130","1793-6349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03894","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037096829","display_name":"Lev V. Utkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-1420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","display_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x91aj62","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lev V. Utkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-1420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024651129","display_name":"Mikhail V. Kots","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7769-3859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","display_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x91aj62","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikhail V. Kots","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039187433","display_name":"Viacheslav S. Chukanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4221-5072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","display_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x91aj62","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viacheslav S. Chukanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrei V. Konstantinov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212220629","display_name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02x91aj62","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei V. Konstantinov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU), St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anna A. Meldo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148464","display_name":"State Budget Institution of Health St. Petersburg Clinical Research Center Specialized Types of Medical Care","ror":"https://ror.org/05ss6ff26","country_code":"RU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148464"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna A. Meldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["St.Petersburg Clinical Research Center for Special Types of Medical Care (Oncology), St. Petersburg, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St.Petersburg Clinical Research Center for Special Types of Medical Care (Oncology), St. Petersburg, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037096829"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212220629"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01372337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"05","first_page":"2050005","last_page":"2050005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10136","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Inference","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.8110941648483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6994747519493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outcome","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","score":0.6532739996910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6451432704925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.6060634255409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5595511794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5179735422134399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.48009780049324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4723079204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45857033133506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42374956607818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42240574955940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3595738708972931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1735232174396515}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8110941648483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6994747519493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6532739996910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6451432704925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.6060634255409241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5595511794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5179735422134399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.48009780049324036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4723079204559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45857033133506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42374956607818604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42240574955940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3595738708972931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1735232174396515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218213020500050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218213020500050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178780388","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools","issn_l":"0218-2130","issn":["0218-2130","1793-6349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.03894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.03894","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2972038970","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03894v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.03894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1909.03894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1909.03894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.03894","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.03894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8440823306","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18-11-00078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","funder_display_name":"Russian Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324099","display_name":"Russian Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03y2gwe85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972038970.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2972038970.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W605727707","https://openalex.org/W1516659296","https://openalex.org/W1968293352","https://openalex.org/W1994857208","https://openalex.org/W2059101466","https://openalex.org/W2064903582","https://openalex.org/W2082681062","https://openalex.org/W2084045976","https://openalex.org/W2096986445","https://openalex.org/W2101626831","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2117308775","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2164985671","https://openalex.org/W2240609664","https://openalex.org/W2305754340","https://openalex.org/W2512953709","https://openalex.org/W2536489703","https://openalex.org/W2560821354","https://openalex.org/W2602173702","https://openalex.org/W2624816748","https://openalex.org/W2751077699","https://openalex.org/W2794673306","https://openalex.org/W2804112054","https://openalex.org/W2804691295","https://openalex.org/W2806566955","https://openalex.org/W2807340117","https://openalex.org/W2809303897","https://openalex.org/W2888330436","https://openalex.org/W2888651862","https://openalex.org/W2891210672","https://openalex.org/W2898206809","https://openalex.org/W2899912383","https://openalex.org/W2900102636","https://openalex.org/W2949748397","https://openalex.org/W2950966681","https://openalex.org/W2952687041","https://openalex.org/W2954308195","https://openalex.org/W2962695761","https://openalex.org/W2962727190","https://openalex.org/W2963371984","https://openalex.org/W2964175492","https://openalex.org/W3033223912","https://openalex.org/W3103282043","https://openalex.org/W3106017199","https://openalex.org/W3118980493","https://openalex.org/W3123794201","https://openalex.org/W3125459412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002175583","https://openalex.org/W2165225968","https://openalex.org/W2525209548","https://openalex.org/W2790603904","https://openalex.org/W299384210","https://openalex.org/W3034712307","https://openalex.org/W2107141369","https://openalex.org/W2554443946","https://openalex.org/W2079633981","https://openalex.org/W2187048653","https://openalex.org/W3093530375","https://openalex.org/W2582370236","https://openalex.org/W2921788200","https://openalex.org/W2625717663","https://openalex.org/W3174449198","https://openalex.org/W2171999519","https://openalex.org/W1602819944","https://openalex.org/W2473558215","https://openalex.org/W1585526385","https://openalex.org/W3213004660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,134],"new":[1,25,51,65],"meta-algorithm":[2],"for":[3,173],"estimating":[4],"the":[5,13,19,56,61,74,77,85,115,129,138,142,147,158,168,177],"conditional":[6,130],"average":[7,131],"treatment":[8,41,132,180],"effects":[9],"is":[10,21,71,81,89,150],"pro-posed":[11],"in":[12,165],"paper.":[14],"The":[15,68,109],"basic":[16],"idea":[17,70],"behind":[18],"algorithm":[20,160],"to":[22,46,96,106],"consider":[23],"a":[24],"dataset":[26],"consisting":[27],"of":[28,34,36,50,60,79,118,128,137,176],"feature":[29,66,101,120,148],"vectors":[30,102,121],"produced":[31],"by":[32,99],"means":[33],"concatenation":[35],"examples":[37,63],"from":[38],"control":[39,86,178],"and":[40,84,161,171,179],"groups,":[42],"which":[43,103],"are":[44,53,104],"close":[45],"each":[47],"other.":[48],"Outcomes":[49],"data":[52],"defined":[54],"as":[55,125],"difference":[57],"between":[58],"outcomes":[59],"corresponding":[62],"comprising":[64],"vectors.":[67],"second":[69],"based":[72,140],"on":[73,114,141],"assumption":[75,93],"that":[76],"number":[78],"controls":[80],"rather":[82],"large":[83],"outcome":[87,110,181],"function":[88,112],"precisely":[90],"determined.":[91],"This":[92],"allows":[94],"us":[95],"augment":[97],"treatments":[98],"generating":[100],"closed":[105],"available":[107],"treatments.":[108],"regression":[111],"constructed":[113],"augmented":[116],"set":[117],"concatenated":[119],"can":[122],"be":[123],"viewed":[124],"an":[126],"estimator":[127],"effects.":[133],"simple":[135],"modification":[136],"Co-learner":[139],"random":[143],"subspace":[144],"method":[145],"or":[146],"bagging":[149],"also":[151],"proposed.":[152],"Various":[153],"numerical":[154],"simulation":[155],"experiments":[156],"illustrate":[157],"proposed":[159],"show":[162],"its":[163],"outperformance":[164],"comparison":[166],"with":[167],"well-known":[169],"T-learner":[170],"X-learner":[172],"several":[174],"types":[175],"functions.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
