{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095245216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021821300800387x","title":"A COMMERCIAL OFF-THE-SHELF IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ANALOG NEURAL COMPUTER","display_name":"A COMMERCIAL OFF-THE-SHELF IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ANALOG NEURAL COMPUTER","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095245216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021821300800387x","mag":"2095245216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021821300800387x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021821300800387x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178780388","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools","issn_l":"0218-2130","issn":["0218-2130","1793-6349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048439787","display_name":"Sanjay K. Boddhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7376-1335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SANJAY K. BODDHU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037448661","display_name":"John C. Gallagher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5129-9183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JOHN C. GALLAGHER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054240677","display_name":"S.A. Vigraham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19648265","display_name":"Wright State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qk6pt94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SARANYAN A. VIGRAHAM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435-0001, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19648265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8456867,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"02","first_page":"241","last_page":"258"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8283462524414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.6590349674224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6219416856765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analogue-electronics","display_name":"Analogue electronics","score":0.5856631398200989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercial-off-the-shelf","display_name":"Commercial off-the-shelf","score":0.5608946681022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analog-computer","display_name":"Analog computer","score":0.5077542066574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.46853959560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.43435657024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.4222766160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37308675050735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35434162616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.32745301723480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3231760561466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20370367169380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.10996785759925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.1016259491443634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8283462524414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.6590349674224854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6219416856765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29074008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174925","display_name":"Analogue electronics","level":3,"score":0.5856631398200989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777030141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1115443","display_name":"Commercial off-the-shelf","level":3,"score":0.5608946681022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90915687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63759","display_name":"Analog computer","level":2,"score":0.5077542066574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.46853959560394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.43435657024383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.4222766160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37308675050735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35434162616729736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.32745301723480225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3231760561466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20370367169380188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.10996785759925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.1016259491443634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s021821300800387x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s021821300800387x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S178780388","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Tools","issn_l":"0218-2130","issn":["0218-2130","1793-6349"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553786746","https://openalex.org/W1578310495","https://openalex.org/W1597286183","https://openalex.org/W2116018119","https://openalex.org/W4300305993"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2183559057","https://openalex.org/W8358306","https://openalex.org/W2216584887","https://openalex.org/W3100919150","https://openalex.org/W309165247","https://openalex.org/W3111330318","https://openalex.org/W2006106470","https://openalex.org/W2157642754","https://openalex.org/W2384009164","https://openalex.org/W2188991353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"most":[1],"applications,":[2],"analog":[3,46,118],"electrical":[4,99],"circuit":[5,100],"implementations":[6],"of":[7,16,52,102,150,160],"continuous-valued":[8],"neural":[9,104,119,129],"networks":[10,105],"have":[11],"been":[12],"abandoned":[13],"in":[14,33,106,147],"favor":[15],"digital":[17,34,57],"simulations.":[18,58],"This":[19],"is":[20],"not":[21,85],"surprising,":[22],"as":[23],"both":[24,164],"precision":[25,76],"and":[26,43,64,75,80,98,169],"accuracy":[27,74],"can":[28,48],"be":[29,50,69],"more":[30],"easily":[31],"ensured":[32],"computers.":[35],"Still,":[36],"because":[37],"they":[38],"use":[39],"far":[40],"fewer":[41],"transistors":[42],"support":[44],"components,":[45],"circuits":[47],"still":[49],"orders":[51],"magnitude":[53],"smaller":[54],"than":[55],"their":[56],"In":[59,108],"some":[60],"application,":[61],"like":[62],"micro-robotics":[63],"embedded":[65],"control,":[66],"one":[67],"might":[68],"willing":[70],"to":[71,141],"tolerate":[72,90],"less":[73],"for":[77,116,163],"the":[78,95,103,123,135,142,148,158],"size":[79],"power":[81],"benefits.":[82],"One":[83],"would":[84],"under":[86],"any":[87],"condition,":[88],"however,":[89],"significant":[91,151],"behavioral":[92,139],"mismatches":[93],"between":[94],"differential":[96,143],"equation":[97,144],"forms":[101],"question.":[107],"this":[109,161],"paper,":[110],"we":[111],"will":[112,132,155],"present":[113],"a":[114],"design":[115],"an":[117],"computer":[120,136],"that":[121,134],"embodies":[122],"commonly":[124],"used":[125],"continuous":[126],"time":[127],"recurrent":[128],"network.":[130],"We":[131,154],"show":[133],"possesses":[137],"excellent":[138],"congruence":[140],"form":[145],"even":[146],"presence":[149],"practical":[152,165],"compromises.":[153],"also":[156],"discuss":[157],"implications":[159],"work":[162],"Commercial,":[166],"Off-The-Shelf":[167],"(COTS)":[168],"Application-Specific":[170],"Integrated":[171],"Circuit":[172],"(ASIC)":[173],"devices.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
