{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414932551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500743","title":"PRWHA: RGB Image-Based Hybrid Attention for Cross-File SQLI/XSS Vulnerability Detection in PHP Web Applications","display_name":"PRWHA: RGB Image-Based Hybrid Attention for Cross-File SQLI/XSS Vulnerability Detection in PHP Web Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414932551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500743"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106407633","display_name":"Rong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9320-9382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9320-9382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054574203","display_name":"Qingyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9330-0541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673338","display_name":"Bing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-8439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730977","display_name":"Haitao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-5605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7159-1424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7159-1424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087649606","display_name":"Guoyan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-4947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoyan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-4947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3698015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"03","first_page":"455","last_page":"486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9564999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.7160999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application","display_name":"Web application","score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql-injection","display_name":"SQL injection","score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-site-scripting","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-graph","display_name":"Dependency graph","score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.3659000098705292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8580999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.7160999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.49869999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150451098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506059","display_name":"SQL injection","level":5,"score":0.4399000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39569185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371199","display_name":"Cross-site scripting","level":5,"score":0.4348999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4336000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16311509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4148050","display_name":"Dependency graph","level":3,"score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102379954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2589940","display_name":"Call graph","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27458966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187693","display_name":"Control flow graph","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88468194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172416","display_name":"Data-flow analysis","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8357833378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536145689","https://openalex.org/W1981252920","https://openalex.org/W2014590767","https://openalex.org/W2026417691","https://openalex.org/W2056944867","https://openalex.org/W2085925880","https://openalex.org/W2086631206","https://openalex.org/W2113524221","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2292865721","https://openalex.org/W2469491375","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2732351623","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2887773459","https://openalex.org/W2997848713","https://openalex.org/W3008406900","https://openalex.org/W3047291452","https://openalex.org/W3111602563","https://openalex.org/W3112782338","https://openalex.org/W4229439898","https://openalex.org/W4313889327","https://openalex.org/W4387046685"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,30,87,116,133,149,180,220,235,239],"most":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"server-side":[5],"programming":[6],"language":[7],"for":[8],"web":[9],"applications,":[10],"PHP":[11,64,78],"has":[12],"a":[13,63,163,168,250],"large":[14],"number":[15],"of":[16,32,148,182,227,232,247,254],"SQL":[17],"injection":[18],"(SQLI)":[19],"and":[20,53,73,90,96,102,105,120,126,141,145,175,192,212,229,249],"cross-site":[21],"scripting":[22],"(XSS)":[23],"vulnerabilities":[24,34],"that":[25,199],"are":[26,159],"exploited":[27],"maliciously,":[28],"making":[29],"detection":[31,40,55,66,217,252],"such":[33,45],"increasingly":[35],"critical.":[36],"Existing":[37],"source":[38,101],"code":[39],"methods":[41,203],"suffer":[42],"from":[43],"issues":[44],"as":[46,204,206],"uncleaned":[47],"redundant":[48],"information,":[49],"limited":[50],"representation":[51,72],"dimensions":[52],"poor":[54],"performance.":[56],"To":[57,178],"address":[58],"these":[59],"challenges,":[60],"we":[61,184],"propose":[62],"vulnerability":[65,251],"method":[67,111],"based":[68],"on":[69,187,234],"RGB":[70,155],"image":[71],"hybrid":[74,169],"attention":[75,170],"mechanisms":[76],"\u2014":[77],"ResNet":[79],"with":[80,167],"Hybrid":[81],"Attention":[82],"(PRWHA).":[83],"First,":[84],"PRWHA":[85,200,223],"marks":[86],"input":[88],"sources":[89],"sensitive":[91],"functions,":[92],"constructs":[93],"data":[94,137],"flow":[95,98,140],"control":[97,139],"graphs":[99],"between":[100],"sink":[103],"points":[104],"adds":[106],"function":[107,142],"call":[108,143],"edges.":[109],"This":[110],"uniquely":[112],"identifies":[113],"nodes":[114],"in":[115],"graph":[117,151],"using":[118],"filenames":[119],"line":[121],"numbers":[122],"to":[123,153,172],"enable":[124],"inter-procedural":[125],"cross-file":[127],"detection.":[128],"Next,":[129],"it":[130,186,243],"leverages":[131],"both":[132,188],"topological":[134],"information":[135,147],"(including":[136],"flow,":[138],"relationships)":[144],"textual":[146],"code\u2019s":[150],"structure":[152],"generate":[154],"images.":[156],"These":[157],"images":[158],"then":[160],"processed":[161],"by":[162],"ResNet-50":[164],"model":[165],"enhanced":[166],"layer":[171],"detect":[173],"SQLI":[174],"XSS":[176],"vulnerabilities.":[177],"validate":[179],"effectiveness":[181],"PRWHA,":[183],"evaluated":[185],"publicly":[189],"available":[190],"datasets":[191],"real-world":[193,240],"software":[194,241],"datasets.":[195],"The":[196],"results":[197],"demonstrate":[198],"outperforms":[201],"traditional":[202],"well":[205],"other":[207],"machine":[208],"learning,":[209],"deep":[210],"learning":[211],"Large":[213],"Language":[214],"Model":[215],"(LLM)-based":[216],"approaches.":[218],"On":[219,238],"public":[221],"dataset,":[222,242],"achieved":[224,244],"an":[225,230,245],"accuracy":[226,246],"99.00%":[228],"F1-score":[231],"97.13%":[233],"test":[236],"set.":[237],"73%":[248],"rate":[253],"approximately":[255],"83.67%.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}