{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411498227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500305","title":"MalRGBDet: Windows Malware Detection Method Based on RGB Image Representation and Heterogeneous Neural Network","display_name":"MalRGBDet: Windows Malware Detection Method Based on RGB Image Representation and Heterogeneous Neural Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411498227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106407633","display_name":"Rong Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9320-9382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9320-9382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037003825","display_name":"Hongchang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-7850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongchang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673338","display_name":"Bing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-8439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-8439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100730977","display_name":"Haitao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-5605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087649606","display_name":"Guoyan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-4947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoyan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-4947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7159-1424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39333907","display_name":"Yanshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02txfnf15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7159-1424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39333907"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14225878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"07","first_page":"1009","last_page":"1036"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7752633094787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.7716810703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6070739030838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5861573815345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5798356533050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.533728301525116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4840332865715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4344905912876129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microsoft-windows","display_name":"Microsoft Windows","score":0.4295721650123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3970417380332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39440298080444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3536332845687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2429124414920807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.15091472864151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7752633094787598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.7716810703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6070739030838013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5861573815345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5798356533050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.533728301525116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4840332865715027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4344905912876129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508378895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406","display_name":"Microsoft Windows","level":3,"score":0.4295721650123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3970417380332947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39440298080444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3536332845687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2429124414920807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.15091472864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4822674993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2022203089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6208503825","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2023203026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7719504569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F2022203026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8357833378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62376240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322163","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966948031","https://openalex.org/W2010065958","https://openalex.org/W2055716572","https://openalex.org/W2062227835","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2752241832","https://openalex.org/W2801888526","https://openalex.org/W2889100747","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W3006334803","https://openalex.org/W3014274353","https://openalex.org/W3097730806","https://openalex.org/W4306154842","https://openalex.org/W4306931429","https://openalex.org/W4388116289","https://openalex.org/W4396920917","https://openalex.org/W4401070022"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W4316881845","https://openalex.org/W2975527072"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,99,132,148,164,213,231,264],"world\u2019s":[2],"most":[3],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"operating":[6],"system,":[7],"Windows":[8,55,109,241],"has":[9],"long":[10],"been":[11],"a":[12,62,79,113,191],"primary":[13],"target":[14],"for":[15,27,200],"malware":[16,52,80,96,149,167],"attacks,":[17],"causing":[18],"severe":[19],"economic":[20],"losses":[21],"and":[22,29,48,68,88,101,123,130,155,168,198,207,217,253,269],"threats":[23],"to":[24,111,163,260,263],"data":[25,118,139,153,237],"security":[26],"users":[28],"enterprises.":[30],"Existing":[31],"detection":[32,53,81,222],"methods":[33],"often":[34],"struggle":[35],"with":[36,41,105,203],"low":[37],"accuracy":[38],"when":[39],"dealing":[40],"complex":[42],"malware,":[43],"suffering":[44],"from":[45,98,108,147],"high":[46],"false-negative":[47,268],"false-positive":[49,270],"rates.":[50],"Additionally,":[51],"in":[54,137,249],"faces":[56],"challenges":[57],"such":[58],"as":[59],"limited":[60],"datasets,":[61],"lack":[63,133],"of":[64,134,166,239],"benign":[65,106,124,135],"sample":[66],"contrast":[67],"insufficient":[69],"original":[70,127],"feature":[71,128],"information.":[72],"To":[73],"address":[74],"these":[75,176,256],"issues,":[76],"we":[77,94,142,189],"propose":[78],"method":[82],"based":[83],"on":[84],"RGB":[85,181],"image":[86],"representation":[87,215],"heterogeneous":[89,192],"neural":[90,193],"network":[91,194],"(MalRGBDet).":[92],"First,":[93],"collected":[95],"samples":[97,136],"GitHub":[100],"VirusShare":[102],"platforms,":[103],"along":[104],"software":[107,242],"systems,":[110],"build":[112],"dataset":[114],"named":[115],"MalDet.":[116],"This":[117],"set":[119,238],"contains":[120],"unprocessed":[121],"malicious":[122],"samples,":[125,243],"providing":[126],"information":[129],"addressing":[131],"existing":[138],"sets.":[140],"Next,":[141],"extracted":[143],"three":[144],"key":[145],"features":[146,160,177],"samples:":[150],"code":[151],"sections,":[152],"sections":[154],"API":[156],"call":[157],"sequences.":[158],"These":[159],"closely":[161],"relate":[162],"behavior":[165],"accurately":[169],"describe":[170],"its":[171,204],"operations.":[172],"We":[173],"then":[174],"transformed":[175],"into":[178],"uniformly":[179],"sized":[180],"images,":[182],"which":[183],"helped":[184],"reveal":[185],"hidden":[186],"patterns.":[187],"Finally,":[188],"employ":[190],"that":[195],"integrates":[196],"ResNet":[197],"AlexNet":[199],"classification.":[201],"ResNet,":[202],"deep":[205],"architecture":[206],"residual":[208],"learning":[209],"mechanism,":[210],"significantly":[211],"enhances":[212],"model\u2019s":[214,232],"capability":[216],"classification":[218],"performance,":[219],"thereby":[220],"improving":[221,255],"accuracy.":[223],"Meanwhile,":[224],"AlexNet\u2019s":[225],"Dropout":[226],"regularization":[227],"strategy":[228],"effectively":[229],"boosts":[230],"generalization":[233],"ability.":[234],"In":[235],"our":[236],"1952":[240],"MalRGBDet":[244],"achieved":[245],"more":[246],"than":[247],"95%":[248],"accuracy,":[250],"precision,":[251],"recall":[252],"F1-score,":[254],"metrics":[257],"by":[258],"up":[259],"4%":[261],"compared":[262],"latest":[265],"methods.":[266],"Furthermore,":[267],"rates":[271],"were":[272],"kept":[273],"below":[274],"5%.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}