{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409845960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500238","title":"RESEARCH NOTES: Multiclass Classification for Self-Admitted Technical Debt via Large Pre-Trained Language Model","display_name":"RESEARCH NOTES: Multiclass Classification for Self-Admitted Technical Debt via Large Pre-Trained Language Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409845960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yiyang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9666-1994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiyang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169","https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050762656","display_name":"Xingguang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-2265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingguang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169","https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhenyu Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5733-6638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Shu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169","https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zijie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105460","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zcefp03","country_code":"CN","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory of Computer Software Testing and Evaluating, Shanghai Development Center of Computer Software Technology, Shanghai 201112, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Computer Software Testing and Evaluating, Shanghai Development Center of Computer Software Technology, Shanghai 201112, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-7126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169","https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103176466","display_name":"Libo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-5011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159389169","display_name":"Ningbo University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037dym702","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159389169"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Libo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Data Engineering, NingboTech University Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315100, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159389169","https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558","https://openalex.org/I159389169"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0068,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85172341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"06","first_page":"835","last_page":"860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.2529999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11326","display_name":"Stock Market Forecasting Methods","score":0.2529999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.22789999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6277742981910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.588080108165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5777403712272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5563284754753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debt","display_name":"Debt","score":0.46532437205314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.4276590943336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4202735722064972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2735177278518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.25300970673561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.17027518153190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.1347225308418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.08915537595748901}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6277742981910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.588080108165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5777403712272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5563284754753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.46532437205314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.4276590943336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4202735722064972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2735177278518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.25300970673561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.17027518153190613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.1347225308418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08915537595748901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500238","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G172263589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2710350176","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022J162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2830182209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY22F020026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3692714196","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172356","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7053633467","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024M761927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332587","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967995512","https://openalex.org/W2016698541","https://openalex.org/W2045336717","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2130602377","https://openalex.org/W2141069252","https://openalex.org/W2579161546","https://openalex.org/W2612705982","https://openalex.org/W2767804392","https://openalex.org/W2768726319","https://openalex.org/W2799610300","https://openalex.org/W2966158888","https://openalex.org/W2998678832","https://openalex.org/W3008625403","https://openalex.org/W3185691166","https://openalex.org/W4251241535","https://openalex.org/W4400033222","https://openalex.org/W4400126951","https://openalex.org/W4403036283","https://openalex.org/W4406028254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070437629","https://openalex.org/W2060038150","https://openalex.org/W2031271477","https://openalex.org/W1840755814","https://openalex.org/W3130266246","https://openalex.org/W3133010148","https://openalex.org/W2034782377","https://openalex.org/W2739113232","https://openalex.org/W1985040977","https://openalex.org/W4234730551"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Technical":[0],"debt":[1,12,16,35,76],"refers":[2],"to":[3,88,144],"suboptimal":[4],"solutions":[5],"adopted":[6],"for":[7,53],"short-term":[8],"goals.":[9],"Self-admitted":[10],"technical":[11,146],"(SATD)":[13],"is":[14,18],"the":[15,50,89,111,115],"that":[17,86,128],"explicitly":[19],"marked":[20],"through":[21],"comments":[22],"or":[23],"documentation,":[24],"making":[25],"it":[26],"traceable.":[27],"Multi-classification":[28],"of":[29,98],"SATD":[30,44,54,137],"helps":[31],"developers":[32],"understand":[33],"different":[34],"types":[36],"and":[37,74,77,101,106,122,139],"improve":[38],"efficiency.":[39],"This":[40,56],"paper":[41],"proposes":[42],"a":[43,59,132,141],"multi-classification":[45,138],"method":[46,94,130],"based":[47],"on":[48],"Fine-Tuning":[49],"GPT-3.5-turbo":[51],"model":[52],"prediction.":[55],"study":[57],"uses":[58],"public":[60],"dataset":[61],"containing":[62],"10":[63],"projects":[64],"with":[65],"code":[66],"comments.":[67],"We":[68],"classify":[69],"design":[70],"debt,":[71,73],"requirement":[72],"defect":[75],"evaluate":[78],"our":[79,93,129],"method\u2019s":[80],"performance.":[81],"The":[82],"experimental":[83],"results":[84,126],"show":[85],"compared":[87],"best":[90],"baseline":[91],"model,":[92],"achieves":[95],"average":[96],"improvements":[97,118],"11.41%,":[99],"1.72%":[100],"3.72%":[102],"in":[103,110,136],"MacroF,":[104],"MacroP":[105],"MacroR":[107],"metrics,":[108],"respectively,":[109],"MTO":[112],"scenario.":[113],"In":[114],"OTO":[116],"scenario,":[117],"are":[119],"2.33%,":[120],"3.70%":[121],"2.18%,":[123],"respectively.":[124],"These":[125],"indicate":[127],"has":[131],"strong":[133],"generalization":[134],"ability":[135],"offers":[140],"new":[142],"approach":[143],"managing":[145],"debt.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-04-27T00:00:00"}
