{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405259957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500044","title":"SPERT: Reinforcement Learning-Enhanced Transformer Model for Agile Story Point Estimation","display_name":"SPERT: Reinforcement Learning-Enhanced Transformer Model for Agile Story Point Estimation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405259957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115089715","display_name":"Waleed Younas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-1779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Younas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-1779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2324-0030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2324-0030","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-3399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-3399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101071549","display_name":"Tahreem Iqbal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahreem Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6184-5736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101469202","display_name":"Mohamed Sharaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6722-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Sharaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6722-8366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078863502","display_name":"Azhar Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-2780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azhar Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Creative Technologies, Air University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-2780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Creative Technologies, Air University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8335,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7870195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"03","first_page":"293","last_page":"325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.910099983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.910099983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7215196490287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agile-software-development","display_name":"Agile software development","score":0.6757000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.639159083366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5954369306564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48309874534606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3509175777435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3075631260871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.26327669620513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11939269304275513}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7215196490287781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.6757000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.639159083366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5954369306564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48309874534606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3509175777435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3075631260871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.26327669620513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11939269304275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218194025500044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218194025500044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131442419","display_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","issn_l":"0218-1940","issn":["0218-1940","1793-6403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097670073","https://openalex.org/W2794598542","https://openalex.org/W2911358475","https://openalex.org/W2963640412","https://openalex.org/W2965199888","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W3030010279","https://openalex.org/W3039644446","https://openalex.org/W3161818734","https://openalex.org/W3164393248","https://openalex.org/W3208106271","https://openalex.org/W4386085901","https://openalex.org/W4401975975"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Story":[0,40],"point":[1,25,64],"estimation":[2,26,162],"is":[3],"a":[4,47],"key":[5],"practice":[6],"in":[7,122,164],"Agile":[8,100,165],"project":[9,30,93],"management":[10],"that":[11,50,117],"assigns":[12],"effort":[13],"values":[14],"to":[15,29,58,155],"user":[16,82],"stories,":[17,83],"helping":[18],"teams":[19],"manage":[20],"workloads":[21],"effectively.":[22],"Inaccurate":[23],"story":[24,63],"can":[27],"lead":[28],"delays,":[31],"resource":[32],"misallocation":[33],"and":[34,102,113,133,142,160],"budget":[35],"overruns.":[36],"This":[37],"study":[38],"introduces":[39],"Point":[41],"Estimation":[42],"using":[43,139],"Reinforced":[44],"Transformers":[45,72],"(SPERT),":[46],"novel":[48],"model":[49],"integrates":[51],"transformer-based":[52],"embeddings":[53],"with":[54],"reinforcement":[55],"learning":[56],"(RL)":[57],"improve":[59,161],"the":[60,77,85,147],"accuracy":[61,163],"of":[62,124,149],"estimation.":[65],"SPERT":[66,97,118],"utilizes":[67],"Bidirectional":[68],"Encoder":[69],"Representations":[70],"from":[71],"(BERT)":[73],"embeddings,":[74],"which":[75],"capture":[76],"deep":[78],"semantic":[79],"relationships":[80],"within":[81],"while":[84],"RL":[86],"component":[87],"refines":[88],"predictions":[89],"dynamically":[90],"based":[91],"on":[92],"feedback.":[94],"We":[95],"evaluate":[96],"across":[98,157],"multiple":[99],"projects":[101,159],"benchmark":[103],"its":[104,153],"performance":[105],"against":[106],"state-of-the-art":[107],"models,":[108],"including":[109],"SBERT-XG,":[110],"LHC-SE,":[111],"Deep-SE":[112],"TF-IDF-SE.":[114],"Results":[115],"demonstrate":[116],"outperforms":[119],"these":[120],"models":[121],"terms":[123],"Mean":[125],"Absolute":[126,130],"Error":[127,131],"(MAE),":[128],"Median":[129],"(MdAE)":[132],"Standardized":[134],"Accuracy":[135],"(SA).":[136],"Statistical":[137],"analysis":[138],"Wilcoxon":[140],"tests":[141],"A12":[143],"effect":[144],"size":[145],"confirms":[146],"significance":[148],"SPERT\u2019s":[150],"performance,":[151],"highlighting":[152],"ability":[154],"generalize":[156],"diverse":[158],"environments.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}