{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038771964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000366","title":"A Cognitive Approach to Off-Line Signature Verification","display_name":"A Cognitive Approach to Off-Line Signature Verification","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038771964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000366","mag":"2038771964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001497000366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058926075","display_name":"Nabeel A. Murshed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nabeel A. Murshed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab.\u2009of Document Image Analysis and Neural Networks (LADIANN), Pontif\u00ed cia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUC-PR), Rua Imaculada Concei\u00e7\u00e3o 1155, Curitiba \u2014 Paran\u00e1 80215-901, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab.\u2009of Document Image Analysis and Neural Networks (LADIANN), Pontif\u00ed cia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUC-PR), Rua Imaculada Concei\u00e7\u00e3o 1155, Curitiba \u2014 Paran\u00e1 80215-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026340083","display_name":"Robert Sabourin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-1011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Sabourin","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, 4750 rue Henri-Julien, Montr\u00e9al QC, H2T\u20092C8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, 4750 rue Henri-Julien, Montr\u00e9al QC, H2T\u20092C8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013206485","display_name":"Fl\u00e1vio Bortolozzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-1127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176838256","display_name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/02x1vjk79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fl\u00e1vio Bortolozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lab.\u2009of Document Image Analysis and Neural Networks (LADIANN), Pontif\u00ed cia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUC-PR), Rua Imaculada Concei\u00e7\u00e3o 1155, Curitiba \u2014 Paran\u00e1 80215-901, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab.\u2009of Document Image Analysis and Neural Networks (LADIANN), Pontif\u00ed cia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Paran\u00e1 (PUC-PR), Rua Imaculada Concei\u00e7\u00e3o 1155, Curitiba \u2014 Paran\u00e1 80215-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058926075"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176838256"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.07707336,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91485627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"05","first_page":"801","last_page":"825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9315000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.756995439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7445600032806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5701857209205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5634502172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.5564464330673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5469026565551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.4520632028579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4369453191757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43486180901527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4229584336280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3483036756515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09914946556091309}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.756995439529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7445600032806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5701857209205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5634502172470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5564464330673218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5469026565551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4520632028579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4369453191757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43486180901527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4229584336280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3483036756515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09914946556091309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001497000366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388311650","https://openalex.org/W1974056099","https://openalex.org/W4245343541","https://openalex.org/W2386077341","https://openalex.org/W563589758","https://openalex.org/W5922282","https://openalex.org/W2954004777","https://openalex.org/W2949638731","https://openalex.org/W2951102138","https://openalex.org/W2348876715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"Off-line":[4],"Signature":[5],"Verification":[6],"System":[7],"for":[8,148],"identifying":[9],"random":[10,58],"forgeries":[11],"aimed":[12],"at":[13,134],"banking":[14],"application.":[15],"The":[16,102,154],"cognitive":[17],"information":[18],"learning":[19],"process":[20,88],"in":[21,151],"the":[22,36,45,55,72,75,78,83,99,108,112,116,122,126,135,144,152],"proposed":[23,37,41,155],"system":[24,38,79,156],"is":[25,48,80,105,119,157],"inspired":[26],"by":[27,89],"some":[28],"characteristics":[29],"of":[30,54,57,77,85,111,163],"human":[31],"learning.":[32],"Four":[33],"features":[34,124],"distinguish":[35],"from":[39],"those":[40],"thus":[42],"far.":[43],"First,":[44],"verification":[46,87],"task":[47],"accomplished":[49],"without":[50],"a":[51,91,139,160],"priori":[52],"knowledge":[53],"class":[56],"forgeries.":[59],"Second,":[60],"no":[61],"explicit":[62],"modeling":[63],"or":[64,137],"making":[65],"geometrical":[66],"measurements":[67],"are":[68,96,132],"used":[69],"to":[70],"represent":[71],"signature.":[73,101,128],"Third,":[74],"decision":[76],"made":[81],"throughout":[82],"use":[84],"two-stage":[86],"which":[90],"global":[92,103],"and/or":[93],"local":[94,117,123],"analysis":[95,104,118,131],"performed":[97,133],"on":[98],"unknown":[100,113,127],"concerned":[106,120],"with":[107,121,159],"overall":[109],"shape":[110],"signature,":[114],"whereas,":[115],"composing":[125],"Fourth,":[129],"these":[130],"boundary":[136],"within":[138],"predefined":[140],"search":[141],"region":[142],"called":[143],"identity":[145],"grid":[146],"designed":[147],"each":[149],"writer":[150],"system.":[153],"evaluated":[158],"data":[161],"base":[162],"800":[164],"signatures.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
