{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968787984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000342","title":"High Performance Unconstrained Word Recognition System Combining HMMs and Markov Random Fields","display_name":"High Performance Unconstrained Word Recognition System Combining HMMs and Markov Random Fields","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968787984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000342","mag":"1968787984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001497000342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079994647","display_name":"George Saon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6837-5009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121838","display_name":"Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/02vnf0c38","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I4210121838","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Saon","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIN-CNRS, B\u00e2t Loria, Campus Scientifique, B.P. 239, 54506 Vand\u0153uvre-L\u00e8s-Nancy  Cedex, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIN-CNRS, B\u00e2t Loria, Campus Scientifique, B.P. 239, 54506 Vand\u0153uvre-L\u00e8s-Nancy  Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210121838"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002810227","display_name":"Abdel Bela\u0131\u0308d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121838","display_name":"Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications","ror":"https://ror.org/02vnf0c38","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210107720","https://openalex.org/I4210121838","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I90183372"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdel Bela\u00efd","raw_affiliation_strings":["CRIN-CNRS, B\u00e2t Loria, Campus Scientifique, B.P. 239, 54506 Vand\u0153uvre-L\u00e8s-Nancy  Cedex, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CRIN-CNRS, B\u00e2t Loria, Campus Scientifique, B.P. 239, 54506 Vand\u0153uvre-L\u00e8s-Nancy  Cedex, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210121838"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3983,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81581582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"05","first_page":"771","last_page":"788"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.705595850944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6719405651092529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6575970649719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6522200107574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.641437292098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5252113938331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.49889588356018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","score":0.49549996852874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.4947819113731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4941697418689728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.46445512771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-random-field","display_name":"Markov random field","score":0.4560037851333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.45387381315231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.43420612812042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4164712131023407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29224860668182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.21064892411231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19205915927886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10786271095275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.10190755128860474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.705595850944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6719405651092529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6575970649719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6522200107574463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.641437292098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5252113938331604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.49889588356018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780882242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14235582","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.49549996852874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.4947819113731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4941697418689728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.46445512771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778045648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176827","display_name":"Markov random field","level":4,"score":0.4560037851333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45387381315231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43420612812042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4164712131023407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29224860668182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21064892411231995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19205915927886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10786271095275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.10190755128860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001497000342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001497000342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.106.2737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.106.2737","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.loria.fr/~abelaid/publis/saon-high.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.51.1047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.51.1047","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.loria.fr/pub/loria/ecriture/publications/saon-ijprai97.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:inria-00539591v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/inria-00539591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 1997, 11 (5), pp.771-788. &#x27E8;10.1142/S0218001497000342&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354228963","https://openalex.org/W2353470215","https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W2368065130","https://openalex.org/W2079547420","https://openalex.org/W2375526953","https://openalex.org/W2126747775","https://openalex.org/W2092834568","https://openalex.org/W2095844239","https://openalex.org/W1980930823"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,81],"paper":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,32,58,92,102],"system":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,50,53,65,88,110],"recognition":[9,79,96],"of":[10,68,83,109],"handwritten":[11],"words":[12,100],"on":[13,35,98,106],"literal":[14],"check":[15,115],"amounts":[16,108],"which":[17,40],"advantageously":[18],"combine":[19],"HMMs":[20],"and":[21,78,101],"Markov":[22],"random":[23,44],"fields":[24],"(MRFs).":[25],"It":[26],"operates":[27],"at":[28],"pixel":[29,71],"level,":[30],"in":[31,57],"holistic":[33],"manner,":[34],"height":[36],"normalized":[37],"word":[38,95],"images":[39],"are":[41,85],"viewed":[42],"as":[43],"field":[45],"realizations.":[46],"The":[47],"HMM":[48],"analyzes":[49],"image":[51],"along":[52],"horizontal":[54],"writing":[55],"direction,":[56],"specific":[59],"state":[60],"observation":[61],"probability":[62],"given":[63],"by":[64],"column":[66],"product":[67],"causal":[69],"MRF-like":[70],"conditional":[72],"probabilities.":[73],"Aspects":[74],"concerning":[75],"definition,":[76],"training":[77],"via":[80],"type":[82],"model":[84],"developed":[86],"throughout":[87],"paper.":[89],"We":[90],"report":[91],"90.08%":[93],"average":[94],"rate":[97,105],"2378":[99],"79.52%":[103],"amount":[104],"579":[107],"SRTP":[111],"*":[112],"French":[113],"postal":[114],"database":[116],"(7031":[117],"words,":[118],"1779":[119],"amounts,":[120],"different":[121],"scriptors).":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
