{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2031154713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000528","title":"ANALYSIS OF FORM IMAGES","display_name":"ANALYSIS OF FORM IMAGES","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2031154713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000528","mag":"2031154713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001494000528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764100","display_name":"Dacheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0640-566X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"DACHENG WANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEDAR and Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228\u20132567, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEDAR and Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228\u20132567, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102711181","display_name":"Sargur N. Srihari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SARGUR N. SRIHARI","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEDAR and Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228\u20132567, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEDAR and Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14228\u20132567, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100764100"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1695,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91498456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"08","issue":"05","first_page":"1031","last_page":"1052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7601500749588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6221621036529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5643090605735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5609785318374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5594710111618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5448399186134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.536958634853363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-image","display_name":"Binary image","score":0.5213293433189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-processing","display_name":"Document processing","score":0.4896881878376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.47080931067466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.45347291231155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4385163187980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4362964630126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connected-component-labeling","display_name":"Connected-component labeling","score":0.4262205958366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-segment","display_name":"Line segment","score":0.4160100817680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4116681218147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3964672088623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36448416113853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.35571128129959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.3073156177997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.18147504329681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13825801014900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08331701159477234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7601500749588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6221621036529541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5643090605735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5609785318374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5594710111618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5448399186134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.536958634853363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193828747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864118","display_name":"Binary image","level":4,"score":0.5213293433189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.4896881878376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.47080931067466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.45347291231155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4385163187980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4362964630126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58737948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3136397","display_name":"Connected-component labeling","level":5,"score":0.4262205958366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182124507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166154","display_name":"Line segment","level":2,"score":0.4160100817680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4116681218147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3964672088623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36448416113853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.35571128129959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3073156177997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.18147504329681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13825801014900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08331701159477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001494000528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001494000528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118030626","https://openalex.org/W2139970276","https://openalex.org/W2169402356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991782353","https://openalex.org/W3214851576","https://openalex.org/W2366116130","https://openalex.org/W4312753625","https://openalex.org/W3126645731","https://openalex.org/W2009667652","https://openalex.org/W2078481723","https://openalex.org/W2144253162","https://openalex.org/W2374797345","https://openalex.org/W2031154713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"analysis":[1],"of":[2,4,9,41,52,64,86],"images":[3,51],"forms":[5],"is":[6,93],"a":[7,57,83,141],"problem":[8],"both":[10,43],"practical":[11],"and":[12,22,45,49,68,72,76,98,117,126,158],"theoretical":[13],"interest;":[14],"due":[15,23],"to":[16,24,38],"its":[17],"importance":[18],"in":[19],"office":[20],"automation,":[21],"the":[25,39,69,78],"conceptual":[26],"challenges":[27],"posed":[28],"for":[29],"document":[30],"image":[31,92],"analysis,":[32],"respectively.":[33],"We":[34],"describe":[35],"an":[36,110],"approach":[37,111],"extraction":[40],"text,":[42],"typed":[44,73],"handwritten,":[46],"from":[47,150],"scanned":[48],"digitized":[50],"filled-out":[53,58,148],"forms.":[54],"In":[55],"decomposing":[56],"form":[59,87],"into":[60,96,106],"three":[61],"basic":[62],"components":[63],"boxes,":[65],"line":[66,136],"segments":[67],"remainder":[70],"(handwritten":[71],"characters,":[74],"words,":[75],"logos),":[77],"method":[79],"does":[80],"not":[81],"use":[82],"priori":[84],"knowledge":[85],"structure.":[88],"The":[89],"input":[90],"binary":[91],"first":[94],"segmented":[95],"small":[97],"large":[99],"connected":[100],"components.":[101],"Complex":[102],"boxes":[103,127],"are":[104,128,138,160],"decomposed":[105],"elementary":[107],"regions":[108],"using":[109,140],"based":[112],"on":[113],"key-point":[114],"analysis.":[115],"Handwritten":[116],"machine-printed":[118],"text":[119],"that":[120],"touches":[121],"or":[122],"overlaps":[123],"guide":[124],"lines":[125],"separated":[129],"by":[130,135],"removing":[131],"lines.":[132],"Characters":[133],"broken":[134],"removal":[137],"rejoined":[139],"character":[142],"patching":[143],"method.":[144],"Experimental":[145],"results":[146],"with":[147],"forms,":[149],"several":[151],"different":[152],"domains":[153],"(insurance,":[154],"banking,":[155],"tax,":[156],"retail":[157],"postal)":[159],"given.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
