{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2238269397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000376","title":"AN INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE FOR RECOGNITION OF TOTALLY UNCONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN NUMERALS","display_name":"AN INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE FOR RECOGNITION OF TOTALLY UNCONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN NUMERALS","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2238269397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000376","mag":"2238269397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001493000376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089511560","display_name":"Amar Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9306-1256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"AMAR GUPTA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039741023","display_name":"M.V. Nagendraprasad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.V. NAGENDRAPRASAD","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071218053","display_name":"Alex Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7733-5146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. LIU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079357004","display_name":"P.S.P. WANG","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1451-274X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.S.P. WANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111197304","display_name":"S. AYYADURAI","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. AYYADURAI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2247,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89194313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"07","issue":"04","first_page":"757","last_page":"773"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8303801417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitmap","display_name":"Bitmap","score":0.7943209409713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7589209079742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7051059007644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6978289484977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6468744277954102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.6447920799255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.599971354007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5893574953079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38925063610076904}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8303801417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3115412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194708","display_name":"Bitmap","level":2,"score":0.7943209409713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7589209079742432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7051059007644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6978289484977722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6468744277954102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.6447920799255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.599971354007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5893574953079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38925063610076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001493000376","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001493000376","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:mit:sloanp:2547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594403712","https://openalex.org/W2028814949","https://openalex.org/W2039307316","https://openalex.org/W2051768896","https://openalex.org/W2069265260","https://openalex.org/W2072181047","https://openalex.org/W2072750266","https://openalex.org/W2127683256","https://openalex.org/W2130822529","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2157976191","https://openalex.org/W2167785217","https://openalex.org/W2172248551","https://openalex.org/W2256679588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350456333","https://openalex.org/W2101993108","https://openalex.org/W2356608866","https://openalex.org/W2355840328","https://openalex.org/W1975966184","https://openalex.org/W2364393392","https://openalex.org/W2137246017","https://openalex.org/W2377096008","https://openalex.org/W3126935378","https://openalex.org/W185254668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"multi-staged":[1],"system":[2,69],"for":[3,57],"off-line":[4],"handwritten":[5],"numeral":[6],"recognition":[7,58,81,99],"is":[8,22,40,70],"presented":[9,61],"here.":[10],"After":[11],"scanning,":[12],"the":[13,19,63,65],"digitized":[14],"binary":[15],"bitmap":[16],"image":[17],"of":[18,67,92],"source":[20],"document":[21],"passed":[23],"through":[24],"a":[25,41,50,85],"preprocessing":[26,76],"stage":[27],"which":[28],"performs":[29],"segmentation,":[30],"thinning":[31],"and":[32,35,90,96],"rethickening,":[33],"normalization,":[34],"slant":[36],"correction.":[37],"The":[38],"recognizer":[39],"three-layered":[42,55],"neural":[43,86,93],"net":[44,87,94],"trained":[45],"with":[46,84],"back-propagation":[47],"algorithm.":[48],"While":[49],"few":[51],"systems":[52],"that":[53],"use":[54],"nets":[56],"have":[59],"been":[60],"in":[62],"literature,":[64],"contribution":[66],"our":[68],"based":[71,77,88,95],"on":[72,78],"two":[73],"aspects:":[74],"elaborate":[75],"structural":[79,97],"pattern":[80,98],"methods":[82,100],"combined":[83],"recognizer;":[89],"integration":[91],"to":[101],"produce":[102],"high":[103],"accuracies.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}