{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2085262576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001491000041","title":"OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION \u2014 A SURVEY","display_name":"OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION \u2014 A SURVEY","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2085262576","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001491000041","mag":"2085262576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001491000041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001491000041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109986727","display_name":"S. Impedovo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. IMPEDOVO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Scienze dell' Informazione,  Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienze dell' Informazione,  Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022858344","display_name":"L. OTTAVIANO","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. OTTAVIANO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Scienze dell' Informazione,  Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienze dell' Informazione,  Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070596586","display_name":"S. OCCHINEGRO","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","display_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","ror":"https://ror.org/027ynra39","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. OCCHINEGRO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Scienze dell' Informazione,  Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienze dell' Informazione,  Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109986727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5873,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":198,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97965621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"05","issue":"01n02","first_page":"1","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.8152999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.8152999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.7835000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.782800018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.9139614105224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.8105373382568359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.8094348907470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7700340747833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6703623533248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-recognition","display_name":"Character recognition","score":0.6579281091690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-word-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","score":0.6230734586715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-character-recognition","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","score":0.5971027612686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5844115614891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-processing","display_name":"Document processing","score":0.5381619930267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5304980278015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5162572860717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.4949342608451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanner","display_name":"Scanner","score":0.49333515763282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.42067813873291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3727901577949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.24828600883483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.07121804356575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06815192103385925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.9139614105224609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8105373382568359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.8094348907470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7700340747833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6703623533248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.6579281091690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17649283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044162","display_name":"Intelligent word recognition","level":5,"score":0.6230734586715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44868376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099089","display_name":"Intelligent character recognition","level":4,"score":0.5971027612686157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5844115614891052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67905146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287646","display_name":"Document processing","level":2,"score":0.5381619930267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5304980278015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5162572860717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4949342608451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.49333515763282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.42067813873291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3727901577949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.24828600883483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07121804356575012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06815192103385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001491000041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001491000041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ricerca.uniba.it:11586/71775","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11586/71775","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196296","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5561750","host_organization_name":"University of Bari Aldo Moro","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5561750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218402054","https://openalex.org/W4384296853","https://openalex.org/W954954433","https://openalex.org/W4309724674","https://openalex.org/W2183182603","https://openalex.org/W2168844671","https://openalex.org/W2811459303","https://openalex.org/W2557740161","https://openalex.org/W2085262576","https://openalex.org/W2902204561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,38],"highlight":[3],"the":[4,11,14,48,53,65,74],"interesting":[5],"problems":[6],"and":[7,24,29,40,47,50,73,94],"actual":[8],"results":[9],"on":[10,64],"state":[12],"of":[13,52,56,67,76,84],"art":[15],"in":[16],"optical":[17,78],"character":[18,42,68],"recognition":[19,43,69,86],"(OCR),":[20],"this":[21],"paper":[22],"describes":[23],"compares":[25],"preprocessing,":[26],"feature":[27],"extraction":[28],"postprocessing":[30],"techniques":[31],"for":[32],"commercial":[33],"reading":[34],"machines.":[35],"Problems":[36],"related":[37],"handwritten":[39],"printed":[41],"are":[44,60,89,92],"pointed":[45],"out,":[46],"functions":[49],"operations":[51],"major":[54],"components":[55],"an":[57,77],"OCR":[58],"system":[59],"described.":[61],"Historical":[62],"background":[63],"development":[66],"is":[70,80],"briefly":[71],"given":[72],"working":[75],"scanner":[79],"explained.":[81],"The":[82],"specifications":[83],"several":[85],"systems":[87],"that":[88],"commercially":[90],"available":[91],"reported":[93],"compared.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
