{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391281765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001424510029","title":"Optimized Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Emotion Detection from Thermal Images","display_name":"Optimized Ensemble Machine Learning Approach for Emotion Detection from Thermal Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391281765","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001424510029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001424510029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001424510029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000283043","display_name":"Jayaprakash Katual","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-3985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36909309","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Hamirpur","ror":"https://ror.org/01nc8zs04","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36909309","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jayaprakash Katual","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8134-3985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36909309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059468034","display_name":"Amit Kaul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-4896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36909309","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Hamirpur","ror":"https://ror.org/01nc8zs04","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36909309","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Kaul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-4896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36909309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000283043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36909309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01076883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"02","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.6577000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6973356008529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6666828393936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.5602712035179138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5048823952674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4114491641521454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4077681601047516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6973356008529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6666828393936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5602712035179138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5048823952674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4114491641521454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4077681601047516}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001424510029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001424510029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577591425","https://openalex.org/W1964940342","https://openalex.org/W1994830145","https://openalex.org/W2088252378","https://openalex.org/W2098420224","https://openalex.org/W2100983653","https://openalex.org/W2108581428","https://openalex.org/W2135324568","https://openalex.org/W2144756000","https://openalex.org/W2278113816","https://openalex.org/W2296223520","https://openalex.org/W2341635611","https://openalex.org/W2572324811","https://openalex.org/W2740705563","https://openalex.org/W2852792619","https://openalex.org/W2906004658","https://openalex.org/W2963631961","https://openalex.org/W3007805831","https://openalex.org/W3020634498","https://openalex.org/W3032735579","https://openalex.org/W3047607035","https://openalex.org/W3096978667","https://openalex.org/W3142183806","https://openalex.org/W3177319367","https://openalex.org/W3193429596","https://openalex.org/W3196132393","https://openalex.org/W3205437075","https://openalex.org/W4249545506","https://openalex.org/W4312062097"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2775347418","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emotions":[0],"indicate":[1],"the":[2,5,66,131,144,154,162,165,182],"feelings":[3],"of":[4,18,54,57,93,100,124,164,184],"individual":[6,185],"which":[7],"are":[8],"linked":[9],"with":[10,80,98,146],"personal":[11],"experiences,":[12],"moods,":[13],"and":[14,74,105,149,187],"affective":[15],"states.":[16],"Detection":[17],"emotion":[19,49],"can":[20],"be":[21],"helpful":[22],"in":[23,176,179],"many":[24],"fields":[25],"like":[26],"maintaining":[27],"a":[28],"patient\u2019s":[29],"psychological":[30],"well-being,":[31],"surveillance,":[32],"driver":[33],"monitoring,":[34],"etc.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37,177],"paper,":[38],"an":[39,52],"effective":[40],"machine":[41,168],"learning":[42,71,169],"approach":[43,170],"has":[44,61,113,127],"been":[45,62,77,96,114,128],"put":[46],"forth":[47],"for":[48,89,134,171],"detection":[50],"where":[51],"ensemble":[53,90,167],"three":[55],"out":[56],"five":[58],"best-performing":[59],"classifiers":[60,94,145,186],"formed":[63],"to":[64,181],"enhance":[65],"classification":[67],"accuracy.":[68],"Two":[69],"deep":[70],"models":[72],"(AlexNet":[73],"ResNet)":[75],"have":[76,95],"optimally":[78],"combined":[79],"[Formula:":[81],"see":[82],"text]-nearest":[83],"neighbor":[84],"(KNN).":[85],"The":[86,110,137,159],"optimal":[87],"weights":[88,155],"weighted":[91],"averaging":[92],"computed":[97],"aid":[99],"particle":[101],"swarm":[102],"optimization":[103],"(PSO)":[104],"genetic":[106],"algorithm":[107],"(GA)":[108],"optimization.":[109],"developed":[111],"framework":[112],"tested":[115],"on":[116,130],"two":[117],"publicly":[118],"available":[119],"datasets.":[120,136],"An":[121],"overall":[122],"accuracy":[123],"above":[125],"95%":[126],"achieved":[129],"testing":[132],"set":[133],"both":[135],"best":[138],"performance":[139,173,183],"was":[140],"obtained":[141,156],"by":[142,152],"training":[143],"segmented":[147],"images":[148],"combining":[150],"them":[151],"using":[153],"through":[157],"PSO.":[158],"results":[160],"depicted":[161],"efficiency":[163],"optimized":[166],"all":[172],"measures":[174],"used":[175],"study":[178],"comparison":[180],"majority":[188],"voting":[189],"fusion.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}