{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311366306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001423500027","title":"Small Object Detection Methods in Complex Background: An Overview","display_name":"Small Object Detection Methods in Complex Background: An Overview","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311366306","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001423500027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001423500027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001423500027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363791","display_name":"Zhigang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7164-1049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137506752","display_name":"North China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4wmb81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018163068","display_name":"Qimei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-6990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137506752","display_name":"North China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4wmb81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qimei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-6990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374260","display_name":"Bo Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4397-461X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137506752","display_name":"North China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4wmb81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022158195","display_name":"Difei Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-7660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137506752","display_name":"North China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4wmb81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Difei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611349","display_name":"Yingqi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-4338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137506752","display_name":"North China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4wmb81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingqi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071821294","display_name":"Xiaochuan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137506752","display_name":"North China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04z4wmb81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, North China University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Intelligent Perception, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, P.\u00a0R.\u00a0China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071821294","https://openalex.org/A5100611349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137506752"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94336525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"02","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7387686371803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7179853916168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.672010600566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5535611510276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.510679304599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.44848501682281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4344519376754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.42779165506362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4252469539642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.27803337574005127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7387686371803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7179853916168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.672010600566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5535611510276794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.510679304599762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.44848501682281494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4344519376754761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.42779165506362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4252469539642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27803337574005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001423500027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001423500027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W265519738","https://openalex.org/W1481185961","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1996078496","https://openalex.org/W1996512514","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2018870862","https://openalex.org/W2037568823","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2041646550","https://openalex.org/W2045352990","https://openalex.org/W2053848893","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2065784426","https://openalex.org/W2067173181","https://openalex.org/W2072216778","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2101907900","https://openalex.org/W2117675177","https://openalex.org/W2153711466","https://openalex.org/W2176924101","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2344310038","https://openalex.org/W2395177508","https://openalex.org/W2520800533","https://openalex.org/W2540854551","https://openalex.org/W2561762455","https://openalex.org/W2587248218","https://openalex.org/W2610843922","https://openalex.org/W2752825721","https://openalex.org/W2756926440","https://openalex.org/W2768931328","https://openalex.org/W2774646044","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2850957849","https://openalex.org/W2885719068","https://openalex.org/W2897261831","https://openalex.org/W2903503912","https://openalex.org/W2912512021","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2913087080","https://openalex.org/W2913979455","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2921656271","https://openalex.org/W2924873663","https://openalex.org/W2941889397","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2947066337","https://openalex.org/W2950516690","https://openalex.org/W2953622767","https://openalex.org/W2955425623","https://openalex.org/W2963182372","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2963785947","https://openalex.org/W2964479623","https://openalex.org/W2965864272","https://openalex.org/W2966739747","https://openalex.org/W2972006294","https://openalex.org/W2974652015","https://openalex.org/W2979327303","https://openalex.org/W2982010943","https://openalex.org/W2990235934","https://openalex.org/W3001427728","https://openalex.org/W3003295287","https://openalex.org/W3005607320","https://openalex.org/W3013211776","https://openalex.org/W3014427157","https://openalex.org/W3015146731","https://openalex.org/W3016641475","https://openalex.org/W3017347451","https://openalex.org/W3027495762","https://openalex.org/W3034092487","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3042916480","https://openalex.org/W3083694313","https://openalex.org/W3086144474","https://openalex.org/W3101677789","https://openalex.org/W3109277303","https://openalex.org/W3113153532","https://openalex.org/W3117374221","https://openalex.org/W3119966815","https://openalex.org/W3122799380","https://openalex.org/W3128804268","https://openalex.org/W3129554782","https://openalex.org/W3131349494","https://openalex.org/W3131597264","https://openalex.org/W3146610246","https://openalex.org/W3153464316","https://openalex.org/W3156982815","https://openalex.org/W3157129376","https://openalex.org/W3160439413","https://openalex.org/W3164350057","https://openalex.org/W3183054460","https://openalex.org/W3183734964","https://openalex.org/W3189477630","https://openalex.org/W3191773007","https://openalex.org/W3200126418","https://openalex.org/W3204830041","https://openalex.org/W3210535920","https://openalex.org/W3211171113","https://openalex.org/W4205355047","https://openalex.org/W4205536855","https://openalex.org/W4206125188","https://openalex.org/W4210364703","https://openalex.org/W4212781487","https://openalex.org/W4213200979","https://openalex.org/W4213259970","https://openalex.org/W4214571488","https://openalex.org/W4214700866","https://openalex.org/W4229453634","https://openalex.org/W4241479070","https://openalex.org/W4281784605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375786911","https://openalex.org/W2114275278","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W2769899322","https://openalex.org/W1489511283","https://openalex.org/W2974914859","https://openalex.org/W4387272257","https://openalex.org/W2142107189","https://openalex.org/W949345935","https://openalex.org/W2060811007"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"object":[1,26,28,36,90],"detection":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4,47],"a":[5],"research":[6],"hotspot":[7],"in":[8,15,54,88],"the":[9,51,70,82,93,104,110,131],"field":[10],"of":[11,64,96,99,106],"computer":[12],"vision.":[13],"Especially":[14],"complex":[16,83],"backgrounds":[17],"(CBs),":[18],"SOD":[19,52,121,125],"faces":[20],"various":[21,40],"challenges,":[22],"including":[23],"inconspicuous":[24],"small":[25,89,107],"features,":[27],"distortion":[29],"due":[30,38],"to":[31,39,49],"CBs":[32],"interference,":[33],"and":[34,73,79,92,123],"inaccurate":[35],"localization":[37],"noises.":[41],"So":[42],"far,":[43],"many":[44],"methods":[45,113,122,126],"have":[46],"proposed":[48],"improve":[50],"content":[53],"CBs.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"based":[59],"on":[60,117],"an":[61],"extensive":[62],"study":[63],"related":[65],"literature,":[66],"we":[67],"first":[68],"outline":[69],"current":[71],"challenges":[72],"some":[74],"cutting-edge":[75],"solutions":[76],"for":[77],"SOD,":[78],"then":[80],"introduce":[81],"background":[84],"interference":[85],"types":[86,98],"present":[87],"images":[91],"imaging":[94],"characteristics":[95,105],"different":[97],"images,":[100],"as":[101,103],"well":[102],"objects.":[108],"Next,":[109],"image":[111],"pre-processing":[112],"are":[114,127],"summarized.":[115],"Based":[116],"this,":[118],"machine":[119],"learning-based":[120],"traditional":[124],"focused":[128],"on.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"future":[132],"development":[133],"direction":[134],"is":[135],"given.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}