{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200015739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001422530019","title":"An Efficient Handwritten Digit Recognition Based on Convolutional Neural Networks with Orthogonal Learning Strategies","display_name":"An Efficient Handwritten Digit Recognition Based on Convolutional Neural Networks with Orthogonal Learning Strategies","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200015739","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001422530019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001422530019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001422530019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101827282","display_name":"T. Senthil","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. Senthil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode 638401, Tamilnadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode 638401, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112251207","display_name":"C. Rajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Rajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637215, Tamilnadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Namakkal 637215, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028763949","display_name":"J. Deepika","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5418-8278"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Deepika","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode 638401, Tamilnadu, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode 638401, Tamilnadu, India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101827282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50962418,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"01","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8469030857086182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6683283448219299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6162842512130737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.592745304107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5457070469856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.5048347115516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5027062892913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5000369548797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digit-recognition","display_name":"Digit recognition","score":0.4999210834503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47765815258026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4639873504638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4162573218345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41316357254981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08914551138877869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8469030857086182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6683283448219299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6162842512130737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.592745304107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5457070469856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.5048347115516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5027062892913818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5000369548797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984784707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Digit recognition","level":3,"score":0.4999210834503174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47765815258026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4639873504638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4162573218345642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41316357254981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08914551138877869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001422530019","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001422530019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993407226","https://openalex.org/W1998391576","https://openalex.org/W2002016471","https://openalex.org/W2015619344","https://openalex.org/W2033154814","https://openalex.org/W2038636021","https://openalex.org/W2053432776","https://openalex.org/W2061802763","https://openalex.org/W2064096728","https://openalex.org/W2069623069","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117831564","https://openalex.org/W2157439679","https://openalex.org/W2162770305","https://openalex.org/W2168819089","https://openalex.org/W2303931467","https://openalex.org/W2467325985","https://openalex.org/W2768121648","https://openalex.org/W2777652944","https://openalex.org/W2781601876","https://openalex.org/W2781914340","https://openalex.org/W2791932178","https://openalex.org/W2887436733","https://openalex.org/W2891730703","https://openalex.org/W2922191679","https://openalex.org/W2922198615","https://openalex.org/W2922332136","https://openalex.org/W2944817668","https://openalex.org/W2947411064","https://openalex.org/W2950534334","https://openalex.org/W2954027944","https://openalex.org/W2985664690","https://openalex.org/W4249708626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4299822940","https://openalex.org/W2279398222","https://openalex.org/W2773120646","https://openalex.org/W3011074480","https://openalex.org/W2738221750","https://openalex.org/W2059299633","https://openalex.org/W4311257506","https://openalex.org/W4366492315","https://openalex.org/W564581980","https://openalex.org/W2732542196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,104,137,211,243,267],"predictions":[1],"of":[2,46,78,86,96,115,146,187,269,298],"characters/text/digits":[3],"from":[4,196],"the":[5,10,75,113,131,144,153,168,185,193,197,228,288,295],"handwritten":[6,88,229,299],"images":[7],"have":[8],"made":[9,23],"research":[11],"community":[12],"spotlight":[13],"towards":[14,224],"recognition.":[15],"There":[16],"are":[17,33,67,70,127,139,265],"enormous":[18],"applications":[19],"and":[20,63,72,80,124,141,200,226,231,250,261,277],"ambiguity":[21],"that":[22,49],"prediction":[24,102],"possible":[25],"with":[26,41,112,171],"Deep":[27],"Learning":[28,173],"(DL)":[29],"approaches.":[30,210],"Primarily,":[31],"there":[32],"four":[34],"necessary":[35],"steps":[36],"to":[37,117,129,206,219,247,283],"be":[38],"carried":[39],"out":[40],"handwriting":[42],"prediction.":[43],"First,":[44],"consideration":[45],"a":[47,158,221],"dataset":[48],"is":[50,84,150,164,180,218],"more":[51],"appropriate":[52,132],"for":[53,134,182],"DL":[54],"validation":[55],"an":[56],"inefficient":[57],"manner.":[58],"Here,":[59,253],"Special":[60,64],"Database":[61,65],"1":[62],"2":[66],"used,":[68],"which":[69,99,149,213],"combined":[71],"modified":[73],"by":[74,92,152,165,238],"National":[76],"Institute":[77],"Standards":[79],"Technology":[81],"(NIST).":[82],"Next":[83],"pre-processing":[85],"input":[87],"digit":[89],"recognition":[90,296],"data":[91,93],"normalization,":[94],"extraction":[95,235],"efficient":[97],"features":[98,111,133,138],"provides":[100],"better":[101,202,240,272,278,292],"accuracy.":[103,242],"proposed":[105,190,289],"idea":[106],"uses":[107],"pixel":[108],"values":[109,195],"as":[110],"analysis":[114],"hyper-parameters":[116],"enhance":[118],"near-human":[119],"performance.":[120],"With":[121],"SVM,":[122],"non-linear":[123],"linear":[125],"models":[126],"built":[128,166],"extract":[130],"further":[135],"processing.":[136],"separate":[140],"placed":[142],"over":[143],"Bag":[145],"Features":[147],"(BoF),":[148],"used":[151],"next":[154],"processing":[155],"stage.":[156],"Finally,":[157],"novel":[159],"Convolutional":[160],"Neural":[161],"Network":[162],"(CNN)":[163],"modifying":[167],"network":[169],"structure":[170,230],"Orthogonal":[172],"Particle":[174],"Swarm":[175],"Optimization":[176],"(CNN-OLPSO).":[177],"This":[178,189],"modification":[179],"adopted":[181],"evolutionarily":[183],"optimizing":[184],"number":[186],"hyper-parameters.":[188],"optimizer":[191],"predicts":[192],"optimal":[194],"fitness":[198],"computation":[199,241],"shows":[201,291],"efficiency":[203],"when":[204],"compared":[205,282],"various":[207],"other":[208,284],"conventional":[209],"novelty":[212],"relies":[214],"on":[215],"CNN":[216,237],"adoption":[217],"endeavor":[220],"suitable":[222],"path":[223],"digitalization":[225],"preserve":[227],"help":[232],"automatic":[233],"feature":[234],"using":[236],"offering":[239],"optimization":[244],"approach":[245],"helps":[246],"avoid":[248],"over-fitting":[249],"under-fitting":[251],"issues.":[252],"metrics":[254],"like":[255],"accuracy,":[256,273],"elapsed":[257],"time,":[258],"recall,":[259],"precision,":[260],"[Formula:":[262],"see":[263],"text]-measure":[264],"evaluated.":[266],"results":[268],"CNN-OLPSO":[270],"give":[271],"reduced":[274],"error":[275],"rate":[276,297],"execution":[279],"time":[280],"(s)":[281],"existing":[285],"methods.":[286],"Thus,":[287],"model":[290],"tradeoff":[293],"in":[294],"digits.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}