{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2096776307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001412560137","title":"VARIANT POSE FACE RECOGNITION USING DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM AND LINEAR REGRESSION","display_name":"VARIANT POSE FACE RECOGNITION USING DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM AND LINEAR REGRESSION","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2096776307","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001412560137","mag":"2096776307"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001412560137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001412560137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045405768","display_name":"Seyed Omid Shahdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1827-1883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SEYED OMID SHAHDI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision, Video and Image Processing Research Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision, Video and Image Processing Research Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031515973","display_name":"S. A. R. Abu\u2013Bakar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4360-6630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SYED A. R. ABU-BAKAR","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision, Video and Image Processing Research Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision, Video and Image Processing Research Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5553,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70192003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"06","first_page":"1256013","last_page":"1256013"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13579","display_name":"Image and Video Stabilization","score":0.9779000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8364365100860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7552571296691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.712205171585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.689697802066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6222602725028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5524239540100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.531505286693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47695863246917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.46329769492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.4620627164840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.43497616052627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.43356502056121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42106494307518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4162232577800751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.38418829441070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.329977422952652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28333771228790283}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8364365100860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7552571296691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.712205171585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.689697802066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6222602725028992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5524239540100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.531505286693573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47695863246917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.46329769492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4620627164840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.43497616052627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.43356502056121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42106494307518005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4162232577800751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.38418829441070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.329977422952652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28333771228790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001412560137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001412560137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W607812214","https://openalex.org/W2010209470","https://openalex.org/W2018842982","https://openalex.org/W2021904002","https://openalex.org/W2029835507","https://openalex.org/W2038668517","https://openalex.org/W2040341005","https://openalex.org/W2044270390","https://openalex.org/W2066964254","https://openalex.org/W2078118580","https://openalex.org/W2095999100","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2098947662","https://openalex.org/W2100314217","https://openalex.org/W2102742445","https://openalex.org/W2113192999","https://openalex.org/W2113341759","https://openalex.org/W2114380981","https://openalex.org/W2120794330","https://openalex.org/W2120954940","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2123921160","https://openalex.org/W2133967252","https://openalex.org/W2134249892","https://openalex.org/W2135016226","https://openalex.org/W2135463994","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2138808949","https://openalex.org/W2142669007","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2147121194","https://openalex.org/W2147575376","https://openalex.org/W2147945459","https://openalex.org/W2152340032","https://openalex.org/W2154211011","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2157038204","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2171193910","https://openalex.org/W2237250383","https://openalex.org/W2395267826","https://openalex.org/W2749596051","https://openalex.org/W4251229709","https://openalex.org/W4252813286"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2166031825","https://openalex.org/W2918845005","https://openalex.org/W4387163326","https://openalex.org/W2040482211","https://openalex.org/W2185537520","https://openalex.org/W3108145925","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W4308999963"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"recognition":[1,40],"in":[2,73,102,163],"constraint":[3],"conditions":[4],"is":[5,16,31,42,85,96,142],"no":[6],"longer":[7],"a":[8,28,122,126,146],"further":[9],"challenge.":[10],"However,":[11],"even":[12,46,152],"the":[13,35,38,48,68,74,77,82,90,119,164],"best":[14],"method":[15,30,56,141],"not":[17],"able":[18,143],"to":[19,104,117,144],"cope":[20],"with":[21,149],"real":[22],"world":[23],"situations.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26],"paper,":[27],"robust":[29],"proposed":[32,55,140],"such":[33],"that":[34,138],"performance":[36],"of":[37,63,79,89],"face":[39,49,64,70,106,123,133,148,162],"system":[41],"still":[43],"highly":[44],"reliable":[45],"if":[47],"undergoes":[50],"large":[51],"head":[52],"rotation.":[53],"Our":[54],"considers":[57],"local":[58],"regions":[59],"from":[60],"half":[61],"side":[62],"rather":[65],"than":[66],"using":[67,113],"holistic":[69],"approach":[71,76],"since":[72],"former":[75],"\"linearity\"":[78],"features":[80],"within":[81],"limited":[83],"region":[84],"somewhat":[86],"preserved":[87],"regardless":[88],"pose":[91,128],"variation.":[92],"Discrete":[93],"wavelet":[94],"transform":[95],"then":[97],"utilized":[98],"onto":[99],"these":[100],"patches":[101],"order":[103],"form":[105],"feature":[107,134],"vectors.":[108],"We":[109,136],"train":[110],"our":[111,139],"recognizer":[112],"linear":[114],"regression":[115],"algorithm":[116],"interpret":[118],"relationship":[120],"between":[121],"vector":[124],"for":[125],"specific":[127],"and":[129],"its":[130],"corresponding":[131],"frontal":[132,161],"vector.":[135],"demonstrate":[137],"recognize":[145],"non-frontal":[147],"high":[150],"accuracy":[151],"under":[153],"low-resolution":[154],"image":[155],"by":[156],"relying":[157],"only":[158],"on":[159],"single":[160],"database.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}