{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2018842982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411009068","title":"CENSUS HISTOGRAMS: A SIMPLE FEATURE EXTRACTION AND MATCHING APPROACH FOR FACE RECOGNITION","display_name":"CENSUS HISTOGRAMS: A SIMPLE FEATURE EXTRACTION AND MATCHING APPROACH FOR FACE RECOGNITION","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2018842982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411009068","mag":"2018842982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001411009068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411009068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019589690","display_name":"Giovani Chiachia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"GIOVANI CHIACHIA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo 17033-360, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo 17033-360, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021585095","display_name":"Aparecido Nilceu Marana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4861-7061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"APARECIDO NILCEU MARANA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo 17033-360, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo 17033-360, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087729779","display_name":"Tobias Ruf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"TOBIAS RUF","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037240301","display_name":"Andreas Ernst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-8359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ANDREAS ERNST","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Imaging Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, 91058 Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87522682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"08","first_page":"1337","last_page":"1348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7881102561950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7653048634529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7395337224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7287924289703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6651450991630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.555935800075531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.553058385848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5031866431236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4962514042854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.47226110100746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45671573281288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-matching","display_name":"Histogram matching","score":0.4460078477859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3975057601928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19234120845794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18140435218811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14049074053764343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7881102561950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7653048634529114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7395337224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7287924289703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6651450991630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.555935800075531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.553058385848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5031866431236267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4962514042854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.47226110100746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45671573281288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127449775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3785871","display_name":"Histogram matching","level":4,"score":0.4460078477859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3975057601928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19234120845794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18140435218811035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14049074053764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001411009068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411009068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acervodigital.unesp.br:11449/8301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://acervodigital.unesp.br/handle/11449/8301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400256","display_name":"Acervo Digital da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Universidade Estadual Paulista)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210115194","host_organization_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115194"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"outro"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/227050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/227050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/8301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11449/8301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196277","display_name":"UNESP Institutional Repository (S\u00e3o Paulo State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","host_organization_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W274144218","https://openalex.org/W1512444571","https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1674866864","https://openalex.org/W1964358753","https://openalex.org/W1977377710","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2017040826","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2075268548","https://openalex.org/W2103461485","https://openalex.org/W2103971661","https://openalex.org/W2117072267","https://openalex.org/W2118585731","https://openalex.org/W2121323570","https://openalex.org/W2128430679","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2141660036","https://openalex.org/W2146824864","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2168239064","https://openalex.org/W3119651796","https://openalex.org/W4301719442","https://openalex.org/W6638639773"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908959303","https://openalex.org/W2134472250","https://openalex.org/W2786306966","https://openalex.org/W2016701876","https://openalex.org/W2144059113","https://openalex.org/W2097458023","https://openalex.org/W2131911629","https://openalex.org/W2486556835","https://openalex.org/W1983610137","https://openalex.org/W1775397219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"face":[1,45,97],"recognition":[2,46,167],"approaches":[3,129],"require":[4],"a":[5,9,60,80,92,111,139,142],"prior":[6],"training":[7,53],"where":[8],"given":[10],"distribution":[11],"of":[12,21,52,62,87,104,135,157],"faces":[13,32,106,136],"is":[14,72,147],"assumed":[15],"to":[16,34,57,74],"further":[17,145],"predict":[18],"the":[19,38,42,69,76,105,108,155,160,166],"identity":[20],"test":[22,114,122],"faces.":[23,77],"Such":[24],"an":[25,120],"approach":[26],"may":[27],"experience":[28],"difficulty":[29],"in":[30,107,130],"identifying":[31],"belonging":[33],"distributions":[35],"different":[36],"from":[37],"one":[39],"provided":[40],"during":[41],"training.":[43],"A":[44],"technique":[47],"that":[48,94],"performs":[49],"well":[50],"regardless":[51],"is,":[54],"therefore,":[55],"interesting":[56],"consider":[58],"as":[59],"basis":[61],"more":[63],"sophisticated":[64],"methods.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67,100],"work,":[68],"Census":[70,88,161],"Transform":[71],"applied":[73],"describe":[75],"Based":[78],"on":[79],"scanning":[81],"window":[82,143],"which":[83],"extracts":[84],"local":[85],"histograms":[86],"Features,":[89],"we":[90,124,152],"present":[91],"method":[93],"directly":[95],"matches":[96],"samples.":[98],"With":[99],"simple":[101],"technique,":[102],"97.2%":[103],"FERET":[109],"f":[110],"/f":[112],"b":[113],"were":[115],"correctly":[116],"recognized.":[117],"Despite":[118],"being":[119],"easy":[121],"set,":[123],"have":[125],"found":[126],"no":[127],"other":[128,150],"literature":[131],"regarding":[132],"straight":[133],"comparisons":[134],"with":[137],"such":[138],"performance.":[140,168],"Also,":[141],"for":[144],"improvement":[146],"presented.":[148],"Among":[149],"techniques,":[151],"demonstrate":[153],"how":[154],"use":[156],"SVMs":[158],"over":[159],"Histogram":[162],"representation":[163],"can":[164],"increase":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}