{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2061583807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409006977","title":"FACE DETECTION FROM GREYSCALE IMAGES USING DETAILS FROM CATEGORIZED WAVELET COEFFICIENTS AS FEATURES FOR A DYNAMIC SUPERVISED FORWARD PROPAGATION NETWORK","display_name":"FACE DETECTION FROM GREYSCALE IMAGES USING DETAILS FROM CATEGORIZED WAVELET COEFFICIENTS AS FEATURES FOR A DYNAMIC SUPERVISED FORWARD PROPAGATION NETWORK","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2061583807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409006977","mag":"2061583807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001409006977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409006977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113573300","display_name":"Lee Seng Yeong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155043079","display_name":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz9mt17","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"LEE SENG YEONG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073635669","display_name":"Li-Minn Ang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2402-7529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155043079","display_name":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz9mt17","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LI-MINN ANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060477744","display_name":"King Hann Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-7747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155043079","display_name":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz9mt17","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KING HANN LIM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111525101","display_name":"Kah Phooi Seng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155043079","display_name":"University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz9mt17","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"KAH PHOOI SENG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Nottingham, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor 43500, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155043079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113573300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155043079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3283,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59721568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"01","first_page":"3","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.751123309135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7332383394241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6503323912620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6206218004226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.540931224822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grayscale","display_name":"Grayscale","score":0.49360692501068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4934731721878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.4871382415294647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4850255846977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4287523329257965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positives-and-false-negatives","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","score":0.416095107793808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32436037063598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3186337947845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.269173264503479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.751123309135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7332383394241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6503323912620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6206218004226685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.540931224822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78201319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Grayscale","level":3,"score":0.49360692501068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4934731721878052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.4871382415294647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4850255846977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4287523329257965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112789634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207010","display_name":"False positives and false negatives","level":3,"score":0.416095107793808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32436037063598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3186337947845459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.269173264503479}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001409006977","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001409006977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/42759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/42759","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2002823973","https://openalex.org/W2091467189","https://openalex.org/W2106309274","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2152474030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557094818","https://openalex.org/W2183246718","https://openalex.org/W1973412793","https://openalex.org/W4226316650","https://openalex.org/W2951146195","https://openalex.org/W2099261052","https://openalex.org/W4292605373","https://openalex.org/W3123215897","https://openalex.org/W2153600354","https://openalex.org/W4243739114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"dynamic":[1,24],"counterpropagation":[2,9],"network":[3,10,27,49],"based":[4],"on":[5],"the":[6,15,23,42,60],"forward":[7],"only":[8],"(CPN)":[11],"is":[12,50],"applied":[13],"as":[14],"classifier":[16],"for":[17],"face":[18],"detection.":[19],"The":[20,48],"network,":[21],"called":[22],"supervised":[25,32],"forward-propagation":[26],"(DSFPN)":[28],"trains":[29],"using":[30,52],"a":[31,53,68],"algorithm":[33],"that":[34,67],"grows":[35],"dynamically":[36],"during":[37],"training":[38,43],"allowing":[39],"subclasses":[40],"in":[41],"data":[44],"to":[45],"be":[46,74],"learnt.":[47],"trained":[51],"reduced":[54],"dimensionality":[55],"categorized":[56],"wavelet":[57],"coefficients":[58],"of":[59],"image":[61],"data.":[62],"Experimental":[63],"results":[64],"obtained":[65],"show":[66],"94%":[69],"correct":[70],"detection":[71],"rate":[72],"can":[73],"achieved":[75],"with":[76],"less":[77],"than":[78],"6%":[79],"false":[80],"positives.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}