{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2052020401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406004491","title":"A ROBUST BUYER\u2013SELLER WATERMARKING SCHEME BASED ON DWT","display_name":"A ROBUST BUYER\u2013SELLER WATERMARKING SCHEME BASED ON DWT","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2052020401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406004491","mag":"2052020401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001406004491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406004491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017883735","display_name":"Der\u2010Chyuan Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6697-7648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111149068","display_name":"National Defense University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nqk4x38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111149068"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094862","display_name":"National Defense University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hkj1v53","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094862"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DER-CHYUAN LOU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC","Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111149068"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108512898","display_name":"Jieh-Ming Shieh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120211734","display_name":"Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031m0eg77","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120211734"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JIEH-MING SHIEH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing, Chung Haw College of Medical Technology, Jente, Tainan 71703, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing, Chung Haw College of Medical Technology, Jente, Tainan 71703, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120211734"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006627184","display_name":"Hao-Kuan Tso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111149068","display_name":"National Defense University","ror":"https://ror.org/01nqk4x38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111149068"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094862","display_name":"National Defense University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hkj1v53","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094862"]}],"countries":["TW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"HAO-KUAN TSO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC","Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Tahsi, Taoyuan 33509, Taiwan, ROC#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111149068"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3106,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59355489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"01","first_page":"79","last_page":"90"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.9130527377128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8729941248893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7189627885818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5741182565689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5267952084541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.5109269022941589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5079050660133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.47113388776779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.4507281482219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.4457882344722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42286187410354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.41878464818000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4055025279521942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.35645169019699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21501848101615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.1679595410823822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.9130527377128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8729941248893738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7189627885818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5741182565689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5267952084541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5109269022941589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5079050660133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.47113388776779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4507281482219696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.4457882344722748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42286187410354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41878464818000793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4055025279521942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.35645169019699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21501848101615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.1679595410823822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001406004491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001406004491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039036829","https://openalex.org/W2049365008","https://openalex.org/W2087574284","https://openalex.org/W2097065644","https://openalex.org/W2106683827","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2124890704","https://openalex.org/W2130971702","https://openalex.org/W2134395079","https://openalex.org/W2164587393","https://openalex.org/W2540311961","https://openalex.org/W4229930459","https://openalex.org/W4253255200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W2183032046","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,55],"a":[1,5,9,22,25,60,132],"buyer\u2013seller":[2,62],"watermarking":[3,63],"protocol,":[4],"seller":[6],"should":[7],"embed":[8],"buyer's":[10,74],"fingerprinting":[11,33,75,91,118,138],"and":[12,34,50,76,92,119,139],"seller's":[13,77],"watermark":[14,35,78,93,120,140],"into":[15,79],"the":[16,19,28,32,44,48,52,73,84,87,90,97,110,114,117,124,128,137,143],"work":[17,23,29,49],"before":[18],"sale":[20],"of":[21,47,89,116],"to":[24,39],"buyer.":[26],"If":[27],"is":[30,146],"violated,":[31],"can":[36],"be":[37],"extracted":[38],"correctly":[40],"identify":[41],"who":[42],"holds":[43],"legal":[45],"copyright":[46],"trace":[51],"illegal":[53],"reseller.":[54],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"robust":[61,147],"scheme":[64,108,145],"based":[65],"on":[66],"discrete":[67],"wavelet":[68],"transformation":[69],"(DWT)":[70],"which":[71],"embeds":[72],"an":[80],"image.":[81,126],"Besides,":[82],"during":[83],"extraction":[85,88,115],"phase,":[86],"does":[94,121],"not":[95,122],"require":[96,123],"original":[98,125],"image":[99,130,150],"for":[100],"more":[101],"feasibility":[102],"in":[103],"real":[104],"application.":[105],"The":[106],"proposed":[107,144],"has":[109],"following":[111],"advantages.":[112],"Firstly,":[113],"Secondly,":[127],"watermarked":[129],"maintains":[131],"good":[133],"visual":[134],"quality":[135],"after":[136],"embedding.":[141],"Thirdly,":[142],"against":[148],"several":[149],"processing":[151],"attacks.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}