{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070669445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001403002988","title":"AN APPROACH TO NATURAL STROKE EXTRACTION FOR OFF-LINE LOOSELY-CONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN CHINESE CHARACTERS","display_name":"AN APPROACH TO NATURAL STROKE EXTRACTION FOR OFF-LINE LOOSELY-CONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN CHINESE CHARACTERS","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070669445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001403002988","mag":"2070669445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001403002988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001403002988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105788983","display_name":"Daniel Yeung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"DANIEL S. YEUNG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109122631","display_name":"H.S. Fong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. S. FONG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101437928","display_name":"Eric C.C. Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-7273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ERIC C. C. TSANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109184956","display_name":"Wenhao Shu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2422-6760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"WENHAO SHU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing,  Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon,  Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424254","display_name":"Xiaolong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-4252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"XIAOLONG WANG","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15230104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"08","first_page":"1483","last_page":"1513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.6923180818557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6856181621551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5737544298171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5384758114814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.516249418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5048556923866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4402843117713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.43799909949302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.4247090518474579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4192596673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroke","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","score":0.4159044325351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4140457510948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3727990686893463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17046982049942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1259538233280182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08296459913253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.061998069286346436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6923180818557739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6856181621551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5737544298171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5384758114814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.516249418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5048556923866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4402843117713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.43799909949302673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.4247090518474579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4192596673965454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.4159044325351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4140457510948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3727990686893463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17046982049942017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1259538233280182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08296459913253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.061998069286346436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001403002988","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001403002988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ira.lib.polyu.edu.hk:10397/25471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10397/25471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400205","display_name":"PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W159715231","https://openalex.org/W1988556432","https://openalex.org/W1994383910","https://openalex.org/W1997313482","https://openalex.org/W2009913489","https://openalex.org/W2011339487","https://openalex.org/W2019999160","https://openalex.org/W2035397096","https://openalex.org/W2035537117","https://openalex.org/W2036697072","https://openalex.org/W2043487214","https://openalex.org/W2049970057","https://openalex.org/W2071765413","https://openalex.org/W2083916725","https://openalex.org/W2086954417","https://openalex.org/W2113263939","https://openalex.org/W2140298048","https://openalex.org/W2182044576","https://openalex.org/W4210602482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393609567","https://openalex.org/W2369369044","https://openalex.org/W1503216044","https://openalex.org/W2354143083","https://openalex.org/W2372906645","https://openalex.org/W4319998713","https://openalex.org/W2366269494","https://openalex.org/W2353650902","https://openalex.org/W2347884623","https://openalex.org/W2361201432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,25,36,56,71,89,121],"new":[4],"approach":[5],"to":[6,69],"extracting":[7],"natural":[8,94],"strokes":[9,83,113],"from":[10,24,78,100],"the":[11,21,79,109,116,129,132,139,142,148],"skeletons":[12],"of":[13,38,74,81,91,112,123,131,135,150],"loosely-constrained,":[14],"off-line":[15],"handwritten":[16],"Chinese":[17],"characters.":[18],"It":[19],"admits":[20],"output":[22],"substrokes":[23],"previously":[26],"proposed":[27],"fuzzy":[28,50,58,82,133,143],"substroke":[29],"extractor":[30],"as":[31,128],"its":[32],"inputs.":[33],"By":[34],"identifying":[35],"number":[37,122],"expected":[39],"ambiguities":[40],"which":[41,114],"include":[42],"mutual":[43],"similarities,":[44],"unstable":[45],"touches":[46],"and":[47,55,147],"joint/cross":[48],"distortions,":[49],"stroke":[51,59,76,95,144],"models":[52],"are":[53],"constructed":[54],"\"hit-all\"":[57],"matching":[60],"strategy":[61],"is":[62,67],"pursued.":[63],"Fuzzy":[64],"partitioning":[65],"technique":[66],"used":[68],"generate":[70],"ranked":[72],"list":[73],"consistent":[75],"sets":[77],"set":[80],"being":[84],"identified.":[85],"With":[86],"this":[87],"approach,":[88],"maximum":[90],"20":[92],"distinct":[93],"classes":[96],"can":[97],"be":[98],"extracted":[99,137],"each":[101,136],"input":[102],"character,":[103],"together":[104],"with":[105],"an":[106],"estimate":[107],"on":[108,141],"actual":[110],"count":[111],"compose":[115],"character.":[117],"Our":[118],"system":[119],"offers":[120],"performance":[124],"tuning":[125],"capabilities":[126],"such":[127],"computation":[130],"scores":[134],"stroke,":[138],"adjustment":[140],"model":[145],"parameters,":[146],"potential":[149],"incorporating":[151],"one's":[152],"personal":[153],"writing":[154],"styles":[155],"into":[156],"our":[157],"methodology.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}