{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993697526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001400000180","title":"OFF-LINE UNCONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION","display_name":"OFF-LINE UNCONSTRAINED HANDWRITTEN WORD RECOGNITION","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993697526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001400000180","mag":"1993697526"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001400000180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001400000180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036994322","display_name":"Jinhai Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-1579"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JINHAI CAI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne,  Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia","Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne,  Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101763778","display_name":"Zhiqiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8189-0636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ZHI-QIANG LIU","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne,  Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia","Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne,  Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Machine Intelligence Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8928382,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"03","first_page":"259","last_page":"280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7731246948242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6847233176231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6475200653076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6097283959388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.5586065649986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5191306471824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5035125613212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.4905208945274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gabor-filter","display_name":"Gabor filter","score":0.4843238592147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4514736533164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.43044915795326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3709180951118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36719515919685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3499218225479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16369009017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14207452535629272}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7731246948242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6847233176231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6475200653076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6097283959388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.5586065649986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5191306471824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5035125613212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.4905208945274353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779883129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447890","display_name":"Gabor filter","level":3,"score":0.4843238592147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4514736533164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.43044915795326233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3709180951118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36719515919685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3499218225479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16369009017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14207452535629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0218001400000180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218001400000180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41486457","display_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"0218-0014","issn":["0218-0014","1793-6381"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967942900","https://openalex.org/W1978505541","https://openalex.org/W1980633381","https://openalex.org/W2006500012","https://openalex.org/W2026207903","https://openalex.org/W2032521963","https://openalex.org/W2046485094","https://openalex.org/W2048641976","https://openalex.org/W2081078533","https://openalex.org/W2092642599","https://openalex.org/W2093256755","https://openalex.org/W2098684142","https://openalex.org/W2105881518","https://openalex.org/W2116702966","https://openalex.org/W2130891382","https://openalex.org/W2131850988","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2158008371","https://openalex.org/W2168379084","https://openalex.org/W2172248551","https://openalex.org/W4241640108"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034439647","https://openalex.org/W2028814537","https://openalex.org/W2110525351","https://openalex.org/W2053292927","https://openalex.org/W2401522294","https://openalex.org/W1962828410","https://openalex.org/W2253780618","https://openalex.org/W4205429340","https://openalex.org/W2601201456","https://openalex.org/W2079838398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,51],"describe":[4],"our":[5],"system":[6],"for":[7],"writer":[8],"independent,":[9],"off-line":[10],"unconstrained":[11],"handwritten":[12],"word":[13],"recognition.":[14],"We":[15],"have":[16,67],"developed":[17,42],"a":[18,53],"new":[19],"method":[20,57],"to":[21,29,43,47,61],"automatically":[22],"determine":[23],"the":[24],"parameters":[25],"of":[26],"Gabor":[27],"filters":[28],"extract":[30],"features":[31],"from":[32],"slant":[33],"and":[34],"tilt":[35],"corrected":[36],"images.":[37],"An":[38],"algorithm":[39],"is":[40],"also":[41],"translate":[44],"2D":[45],"images":[46],"1D":[48],"domain.":[49],"Finally,":[50],"propose":[52],"modified":[54],"dynamic":[55],"programming":[56],"with":[58],"fuzzy":[59],"theory":[60],"recognize":[62],"words.":[63],"Our":[64],"initial":[65],"experiments":[66],"shown":[68],"promising":[69],"results.":[70]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
