{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122722565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920400254","title":"New Tests for Richness and Poorness: A Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Income Distributions in Hong Kong","display_name":"New Tests for Richness and Poorness: A Stochastic Dominance Analysis of Income Distributions in Hong Kong","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122722565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920400254","mag":"3122722565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0217595920400254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920400254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1254427","display_name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research","issn_l":"0217-5959","issn":["0217-5959","1793-7019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001800571","display_name":"Nikolai Sheung-Chi Chow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolai Sheung-Chi Chow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research School of Economics, Australian National University, Kingsley Pl, Acton ACT 2601, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research School of Economics, Australian National University, Kingsley Pl, Acton ACT 2601, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002821189","display_name":"Maria Rebecca Valenzuela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5312-4846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Rebecca Valenzuela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Efficiency & Productivity Analysis, School of Economics, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Efficiency & Productivity Analysis, School of Economics, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045661677","display_name":"Wing\u2010Keung Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-572X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184693016","display_name":"China Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v408z34","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184693016"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126829","display_name":"China Medical University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0368s4g32","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126829"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47605537","display_name":"Hang Seng University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/04fa64g55","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47605537"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wing-Keung Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Finance, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Department of Finance, Fintech & Blockchain Research Center, and Big Data Research Center, Asia University, Taiwan, ROC","Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Finance, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47605537","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Finance, Fintech & Blockchain Research Center, and Big Data Research Center, Asia University, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126829","https://openalex.org/I184693016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7827792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"04","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10475","display_name":"Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-dominance","display_name":"Stochastic dominance","score":0.7499254941940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.6782823801040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare","display_name":"Welfare","score":0.5404374003410339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.5336905717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.5112137794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-richness","display_name":"Species richness","score":0.48923826217651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-inequality","display_name":"Economic inequality","score":0.44590651988983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4308452904224396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.4265378415584564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.42511266469955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.3874117136001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.35685214400291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3484567403793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23785054683685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.20810508728027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.13888651132583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.08455228805541992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33252445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3713315","display_name":"Stochastic dominance","level":2,"score":0.7499254941940308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6782823801040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.5404374003410339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5336905717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5112137794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53565203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146659","display_name":"Species richness","level":2,"score":0.48923826217651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.44590651988983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4308452904224396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4265378415584564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.42511266469955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3874117136001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35685214400291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3484567403793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23785054683685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20810508728027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.13888651132583618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.08455228805541992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0217595920400254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217595920400254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1254427","display_name":"Asia Pacific Journal of Operational Research","issn_l":"0217-5959","issn":["0217-5959","1793-7019"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wsi:apjorx:v:39:y:2022:i:04:n:s0217595920400254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0217595920400254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W346282077","https://openalex.org/W1513281941","https://openalex.org/W1527823684","https://openalex.org/W1975503357","https://openalex.org/W1979589776","https://openalex.org/W1990413764","https://openalex.org/W1992555960","https://openalex.org/W2010643362","https://openalex.org/W2019025561","https://openalex.org/W2052543950","https://openalex.org/W2058690280","https://openalex.org/W2079969368","https://openalex.org/W2098907324","https://openalex.org/W2099746488","https://openalex.org/W2123362840","https://openalex.org/W2126391039","https://openalex.org/W2128602134","https://openalex.org/W2129956015","https://openalex.org/W2136663834","https://openalex.org/W2149893228","https://openalex.org/W2155291729","https://openalex.org/W2258932749","https://openalex.org/W2508547053","https://openalex.org/W2594268665","https://openalex.org/W2612971421","https://openalex.org/W2753072338","https://openalex.org/W2910019070","https://openalex.org/W2985172940","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3121428406","https://openalex.org/W3121641555","https://openalex.org/W3121928014","https://openalex.org/W4231172988"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2782338421","https://openalex.org/W1822314218","https://openalex.org/W1529698655","https://openalex.org/W947642023","https://openalex.org/W2980029014","https://openalex.org/W3021698962","https://openalex.org/W2066780890","https://openalex.org/W3125998385","https://openalex.org/W2563102585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"applies":[2],"stochastic":[3],"dominance":[4],"techniques":[5],"for":[6],"income":[7,49,93],"distribution":[8],"analysis":[9],"and":[10,15,50,66],"develops":[11],"tests":[12],"of":[13,22,44,48,59,75,92],"richness":[14],"poorness":[16],"to":[17,85],"achieve":[18],"more":[19],"accurate":[20],"characterizations":[21],"relative":[23],"welfare":[24],"in":[25,95],"populations":[26],"than":[27],"was":[28],"previously":[29],"possible.":[30],"Results":[31],"from":[32],"our":[33],"empirical":[34],"application,":[35],"using":[36],"Hong":[37,87],"Kong":[38],"data,":[39],"are":[40,72],"consistent":[41],"with":[42],"predictions":[43],"the":[45,63,68,79,96],"life-cycle":[46],"theory":[47],"savings.":[51],"Among":[52],"other":[53],"things,":[54],"we":[55],"find":[56],"high":[57,73,90],"concentrations":[58,74],"poor":[60],"individuals":[61,77],"among":[62],"younger":[64],"cohorts,":[65],"at":[67],"same":[69],"time,":[70],"there":[71],"rich":[76],"amongst":[78],"oldest":[80],"cohorts.":[81],"Our":[82],"results":[83],"help":[84],"explain":[86],"Kong\u2019s":[88],"persistently":[89],"levels":[91],"inequality":[94],"population.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}