{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024365371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065793000274","title":"MULTIPROCESSOR AND MEMORY ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEUROCOMPUTER SYNAPSE-1","display_name":"MULTIPROCESSOR AND MEMORY ARCHITECTURE OF THE NEUROCOMPUTER SYNAPSE-1","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024365371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065793000274","mag":"2024365371","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8049796"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065793000274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065793000274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070106663","display_name":"Ulrich Ramacher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U. RAMACHER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068256973","display_name":"W. Raab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. RAAB","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087286490","display_name":"Joachim K. Anlauf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. ANLAUF","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067832222","display_name":"U. Hachmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"U. HACHMANN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087549961","display_name":"J. Beichter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. BEICHTER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031277466","display_name":"N. Br\u00fcls","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. BR\u00dcLS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059923451","display_name":"Matthias Wesseling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. WE\u00dfELING","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065101869","display_name":"E. Sicheneder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. SICHENEDER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG, Corp. R &amp; D, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109312690","display_name":"Reinhard M\u00e4nner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M\u00c4NNER","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107845988","display_name":"J. Gl\u00e4\u00df","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. GL\u00c4\u00df","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110327452","display_name":"A. Wurz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. WURZ","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.249,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95208789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"04","issue":"04","first_page":"333","last_page":"336"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9435999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9370999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8781514763832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiprocessing","display_name":"Multiprocessing","score":0.7587798833847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6962845325469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.622514009475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5878446698188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workstation","display_name":"Workstation","score":0.5742369294166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5405468344688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4265173077583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20074030756950378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12302985787391663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8781514763832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4822641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846651","display_name":"Multiprocessing","level":2,"score":0.7587798833847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6962845325469971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.622514009475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5878446698188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67953723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192525","display_name":"Workstation","level":2,"score":0.5742369294166565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5405468344688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4265173077583313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20074030756950378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12302985787391663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011381","descriptor_name":"Programming Languages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065793000274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065793000274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8049796","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8049796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of neural systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1860097901","https://openalex.org/W2091006540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2045348955","https://openalex.org/W2352028719","https://openalex.org/W2584886384","https://openalex.org/W2378667902","https://openalex.org/W2791088446","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2052769075","https://openalex.org/W4206808270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,68],"general":[1],"purpose":[2],"neurocomputer,":[3],"SYNAPSE-1,":[4],"which":[5],"exhibits":[6],"a":[7,24,39,88,101],"multiprocessor":[8],"and":[9,23,57],"memory":[10,55],"architecture":[11],"is":[12,36],"presented.":[13],"It":[14],"offers":[15],"wide":[16],"flexibility":[17],"with":[18,84],"respect":[19],"to":[20,64,82],"neural":[21,44,69],"algorithms":[22,70],"speed-up":[25],"factor":[26],"of":[27,30,43,93],"several":[28],"orders":[29],"magnitude--including":[31],"learning.":[32],"The":[33],"computational":[34],"power":[35,59],"provided":[37],"by":[38],"2-dimensional":[40],"systolic":[41],"array":[42],"signal":[45],"processors.":[46],"Since":[47],"the":[48,65,80,85,91],"weights":[49],"are":[50],"stored":[51],"outside":[52],"these":[53],"NSPs,":[54],"size":[56],"processing":[58],"can":[60],"be":[61],"adapted":[62],"individually":[63],"application":[66],"needs.":[67],"programming":[71],"language,":[72],"embedded":[73],"in":[74],"C(+2)":[75],"has":[76],"been":[77],"defined":[78],"for":[79],"user":[81],"cope":[83],"neurocomputer.":[86],"In":[87],"benchmark":[89],"test,":[90],"prototype":[92],"SYNAPSE-1":[94],"was":[95],"8000":[96],"times":[97],"as":[98,100],"fast":[99],"standard":[102],"workstation.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
