{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2055678859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065792000188","title":"SPOKEN LETTER RECOGNITION WITH NEURAL NETWORKS","display_name":"SPOKEN LETTER RECOGNITION WITH NEURAL NETWORKS","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2055678859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065792000188","mag":"2055678859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065792000188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065792000188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046952862","display_name":"J.H. Reynolds","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JAKE REYNOLDS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Research Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 19 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Research Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 19 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074311458","display_name":"Lionel Tarassenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-1646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"LIONEL TARASSENKO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Research Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 19 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Research Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, 19 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046952862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5353,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73254747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"03","issue":"03","first_page":"219","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7481640577316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.6379623413085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5894186496734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5891889929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5794108510017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.5312601923942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4982168674468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.49176934361457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radial-basis-function","display_name":"Radial basis function","score":0.47704118490219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4645054042339325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4546400308609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3255557417869568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7481640577316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.6379623413085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5894186496734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5891889929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5794108510017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.5312601923942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4982168674468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.49176934361457825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98856871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1588488","display_name":"Radial basis function","level":3,"score":0.47704118490219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4645054042339325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4546400308609009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3255557417869568}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065792000188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065792000188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082756648","https://openalex.org/W3194278305","https://openalex.org/W2289648981","https://openalex.org/W2133420660","https://openalex.org/W1794182708","https://openalex.org/W1565459987","https://openalex.org/W2387610815","https://openalex.org/W2096715552","https://openalex.org/W1598419248","https://openalex.org/W2502272432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"networks":[1],"have":[2],"recently":[3],"been":[4],"applied":[5],"to":[6,131,168],"real-world":[7],"speech":[8],"recognition":[9,40],"problems":[10],"with":[11,175],"a":[12,20,24,36,55,58,69,140,190],"great":[13],"deal":[14],"of":[15,66,82,93,99,109,119,128,162,182,186,201],"success.":[16],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"develops":[19],"strategy":[21,49,138],"for":[22,78,89],"optimising":[23],"neural":[25],"network":[26],"known":[27],"as":[28,54],"the":[29,79,91,94,97,100,107,110,120,126,129,136,156,163,169,183,187,194],"Radial":[30],"Basis":[31],"Function":[32],"classifier":[33,130],"(RBF)":[34],"on":[35,155],"large":[37,64],"spoken":[38],"letter":[39],"problem":[41],"designed":[42],"by":[43],"British":[44],"Telecom":[45],"Research":[46],"Laboratories.":[47],"The":[48,159],"developed":[50],"can":[51],"be":[52],"viewed":[53],"compromise":[56],"between":[57,193],"fully":[59],"adaptive":[60],"approach":[61,71],"involving":[62],"prohibitively":[63],"amounts":[65],"computation":[67],"and":[68,87,96,149,199],"heuristic":[70],"resulting":[72],"in":[73,197],"poor":[74],"generalisation.":[75],"A":[76],"value":[77],"optimal":[80,177],"number":[81],"kernel":[83,101],"functions":[84],"is":[85],"suggested":[86],"methods":[88],"determining":[90],"positions":[92],"centres":[95,121],"values":[98],"function":[102],"widths":[103],"are":[104],"provided.":[105],"During":[106],"evolution":[108],"optimisation":[111,137],"strategy,":[112],"it":[113],"was":[114,165],"demonstrated":[115],"that":[116],"spatial":[117],"organisation":[118],"does":[122],"not":[123],"adversely":[124],"affect":[125],"ability":[127],"generalise.":[132],"An":[133,180],"RBF":[134,164],"employing":[135],"achieved":[139],"lower":[141],"error":[142,160,172],"rate":[143,161,173],"than":[144],"Woodland\u2019s":[145],"multilayer":[146],"perceptron":[147],"26":[148],"two":[150],"traditional":[151],"static":[152],"pattern":[153],"classifiers":[154,188],"same":[157],"problem.":[158],"very":[166],"close":[167],"estimated":[170],"minimum":[171],"obtainable":[174],"an":[176],"Bayesian":[178],"classifier.":[179],"examination":[181],"computational":[184,195],"requirements":[185],"illustrated":[189],"significant":[191],"trade-off":[192],"investment":[196],"training":[198],"level":[200],"generalisation":[202],"achieved.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}