{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412725705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065725300013","title":"A Performance Benchmarking Review of Transformers for Speaker-Independent Speech Emotion Recognition","display_name":"A Performance Benchmarking Review of Transformers for Speaker-Independent Speech Emotion Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412725705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065725300013","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40726155"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065725300013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065725300013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065725300013","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097023035","display_name":"Francisco Portal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Portal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7685-4707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078141318","display_name":"Javier de Lope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-6057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Javier De Lope","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-6057","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106225114","display_name":"Manuel Gra\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-4097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Gra\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7373-4097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Group, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078141318"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2322,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97583668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"10","first_page":"2530001","last_page":"2530001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.839623212814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6949706077575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.584656834602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5737401843070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4495229125022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4185776114463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.414756715297699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.839623212814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6949706077575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.584656834602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5737401843070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4495229125022888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4185776114463806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.414756715297699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013067","descriptor_name":"Speech Perception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049250","descriptor_name":"Speech Recognition Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049250","descriptor_name":"Speech Recognition Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049250","descriptor_name":"Speech Recognition Software","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065725300013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065725300013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40726155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40726155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of neural systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065725300013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065725300013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7779914577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-116346GB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175750906","https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W2024218186","https://openalex.org/W2030931454","https://openalex.org/W2089654579","https://openalex.org/W2146334809","https://openalex.org/W2158568069","https://openalex.org/W2280078499","https://openalex.org/W2762093149","https://openalex.org/W2803193013","https://openalex.org/W2810418809","https://openalex.org/W2810556878","https://openalex.org/W2889004077","https://openalex.org/W2904056664","https://openalex.org/W2924116307","https://openalex.org/W2941464309","https://openalex.org/W2973049979","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2995181338","https://openalex.org/W3007708573","https://openalex.org/W3098571047","https://openalex.org/W3145643603","https://openalex.org/W3197580070","https://openalex.org/W3198771897","https://openalex.org/W3203140070","https://openalex.org/W3209059054","https://openalex.org/W4205633160","https://openalex.org/W4224942799","https://openalex.org/W4226151129","https://openalex.org/W4280572954","https://openalex.org/W4283366936","https://openalex.org/W4285128497","https://openalex.org/W4286493993","https://openalex.org/W4295664469","https://openalex.org/W4308521113","https://openalex.org/W4312724610","https://openalex.org/W4317380951","https://openalex.org/W4322714819","https://openalex.org/W4375869379","https://openalex.org/W4385570943","https://openalex.org/W4385606472","https://openalex.org/W4390939577","https://openalex.org/W4392181247","https://openalex.org/W4402115910","https://openalex.org/W4403319822","https://openalex.org/W4408458848","https://openalex.org/W4410039626"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1491159402","https://openalex.org/W4297807400","https://openalex.org/W2249138175","https://openalex.org/W4313854686","https://openalex.org/W3162054169","https://openalex.org/W1813780412","https://openalex.org/W289407349","https://openalex.org/W2368768466","https://openalex.org/W2757081366","https://openalex.org/W3197877226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speech":[0,49],"Emotion":[1],"Recognition":[2,50],"(SER)":[3],"is":[4,61,171],"becoming":[5],"a":[6,30,74,95,169,174,179,193],"key":[7],"element":[8],"of":[9,18,24,64,73,89,100,130,145,210],"speech-based":[10],"human-computer":[11],"interfaces,":[12],"endowing":[13],"them":[14],"with":[15,109,207],"some":[16],"form":[17],"empathy":[19],"towards":[20],"the":[21,25,62,86,110,122,146,203,208],"emotional":[22],"status":[23],"human.":[26],"Transformers":[27],"have":[28,104,158],"become":[29],"central":[31,55],"Deep":[32],"Learning":[33],"(DL)":[34],"architecture":[35],"in":[36,58,81,138,154],"natural":[37],"language":[38],"processing":[39],"and":[40,52,176,190],"signal":[41],"processing,":[42],"recently":[43],"including":[44],"audio":[45],"signals":[46],"for":[47,128],"Automatic":[48],"(ASR)":[51],"SER.":[53,156],"A":[54,182],"question":[56],"addressed":[57],"this":[59,139],"paper":[60,93,140],"achievement":[63],"speaker-independent":[65,155,183],"SER":[66,111,131,204],"systems,":[67],"i.e.":[68],"systems":[69],"that":[70,103,160,213],"perform":[71],"independently":[72],"specific":[75],"training":[76],"set,":[77],"enabling":[78],"their":[79],"deployment":[80],"real-world":[82],"situations":[83],"by":[84,149,219],"overcoming":[85],"typical":[87],"limitations":[88],"laboratory":[90],"environments.":[91],"This":[92],"presents":[94],"comprehensive":[96,134],"performance":[97,147],"evaluation":[98,184],"review":[99],"transformer":[101,152],"architectures":[102],"been":[105],"proposed":[106],"to":[107,187,198],"deal":[108],"task,":[112],"carrying":[113],"out":[114],"an":[115,142],"independent":[116],"validation":[117,129],"at":[118],"different":[119,180,194],"levels":[120],"over":[121],"most":[123,161],"relevant":[124],"publicly":[125],"available":[126],"datasets":[127,189],"models.":[132],"The":[133],"experimental":[135,162],"design":[136],"implemented":[137],"provides":[141],"accurate":[143],"picture":[144],"achieved":[148],"current":[150],"state-of-the-art":[151],"models":[153],"We":[157],"found":[159],"instances":[163],"reach":[164],"accuracies":[165],"below":[166],"40%":[167],"when":[168],"model":[170,214],"trained":[172],"on":[173,178,192],"dataset":[175],"tested":[177],"one.":[181],"combining":[185],"up":[186,197],"five":[188],"testing":[191],"one":[195],"achieves":[196],"58.85%":[199],"accuracy.":[200],"In":[201],"conclusion,":[202],"results":[205],"improved":[206],"aggregation":[209],"datasets,":[211],"indicating":[212],"generalization":[215],"can":[216],"be":[217],"enhanced":[218],"extracting":[220],"data":[221],"from":[222],"diverse":[223],"datasets.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-30T13:55:48.251075","created_date":"2025-07-30T00:00:00"}
