{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036207869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065709002063","title":"REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN SUPPLY CHAINS","display_name":"REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN SUPPLY CHAINS","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036207869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065709002063","mag":"2036207869","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19885962"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065709002063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065709002063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032562028","display_name":"Annapurna Valluri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ANNAPURNA VALLURI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, 1150 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, 1150 Steinberg Hall-Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027434411","display_name":"Michael North","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-5503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MICHAEL J. NORTH","raw_affiliation_strings":["Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069616469","display_name":"Charles M. Macal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-0699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CHARLES M. MACAL","raw_affiliation_strings":["Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3543,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91803449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"05","first_page":"331","last_page":"344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10328","display_name":"Supply Chain and Inventory Management","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11810","display_name":"Complex Systems and Decision Making","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8628504872322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.7214186191558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.6104704737663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6006100177764893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5553176999092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4925571084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4645049273967743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4598795473575592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3119555711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.20761588215827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1625957489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12861114740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.09820210933685303}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8628504872322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.7214186191558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.6104704737663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6006100177764893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5553176999092102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4925571084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4645049273967743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4598795473575592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3119555711746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20761588215827942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1625957489013672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12861114740371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.09820210933685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003661","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003661","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003661","descriptor_name":"Decision Support Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005716","descriptor_name":"Game Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005716","descriptor_name":"Game Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005716","descriptor_name":"Game Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129065709002063","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129065709002063","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197665576","display_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","issn_l":"0129-0657","issn":["0129-0657","1793-6462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Neural Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19885962","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19885962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of neural systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564229172","https://openalex.org/W1813706605","https://openalex.org/W1995721528","https://openalex.org/W2019843283","https://openalex.org/W2027047704","https://openalex.org/W2040598998","https://openalex.org/W2041367235","https://openalex.org/W2041946752","https://openalex.org/W2044984751","https://openalex.org/W2045695980","https://openalex.org/W2070410573","https://openalex.org/W2096452841","https://openalex.org/W2102360367","https://openalex.org/W2103626435","https://openalex.org/W2104665511","https://openalex.org/W2131600418","https://openalex.org/W2154549708","https://openalex.org/W2158330236","https://openalex.org/W2169016885","https://openalex.org/W2333311386","https://openalex.org/W2497585850","https://openalex.org/W2787259794","https://openalex.org/W2889011686","https://openalex.org/W2999905431","https://openalex.org/W3027820740","https://openalex.org/W3147201209","https://openalex.org/W4232046141","https://openalex.org/W4234482624","https://openalex.org/W4242819263","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4297974475","https://openalex.org/W4301630257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656","https://openalex.org/W2072376847","https://openalex.org/W2089013912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effective":[0],"management":[1],"of":[2,34,44,52,70,170],"supply":[3,29,79,112,131,162],"chains":[4,113,132],"creates":[5],"value":[6],"and":[7,24,37,140],"can":[8,95,121],"strategically":[9],"position":[10],"companies.":[11],"In":[12],"practice,":[13],"human":[14],"beings":[15],"have":[16,40,96],"been":[17],"found":[18,106],"to":[19,47,64,107,123,148,157,174,191],"be":[20,108,192],"both":[21],"surprisingly":[22],"successful":[23],"disappointingly":[25],"inept":[26],"at":[27],"managing":[28],"chains.":[30,163],"The":[31,164],"related":[32],"fields":[33],"cognitive":[35,138],"psychology":[36,139],"artificial":[38,141],"intelligence":[39,142],"postulated":[41,135],"a":[42,77],"variety":[43],"potential":[45],"mechanisms":[46],"explain":[48,158],"this":[49,177],"behavior.":[50,126],"One":[51],"the":[53,66,82,89,100],"leading":[54],"candidates":[55],"is":[56,93,105],"reinforcement":[57,73,195],"learning.":[58],"This":[59],"paper":[60],"applies":[61],"agent-based":[62],"modeling":[63],"investigate":[65],"comparative":[67],"behavioral":[68],"consequences":[69],"three":[71],"simple":[72,178],"learning":[74,104,116,128,196],"algorithms":[75],"in":[76,110,129,160,176,197],"multi-stage":[78,111,130],"chain.":[80],"For":[81],"first":[83],"time,":[84],"our":[85],"findings":[86],"show":[87],"that":[88,92,166,184],"specific":[90],"algorithm":[91],"employed":[94],"dramatic":[97],"effects":[98],"on":[99],"results":[101],"obtained.":[102],"Reinforcement":[103],"valuable":[109],"with":[114],"several":[115],"agents,":[117],"as":[118],"independent":[119],"agents":[120,173],"learn":[122,175],"coordinate":[124],"their":[125,155],"However,":[127],"using":[133,193],"these":[134],"approaches":[136],"from":[137],"take":[143],"extremely":[144],"long":[145],"time":[146],"periods":[147,171],"achieve":[149],"stability":[150],"which":[151],"raises":[152],"questions":[153],"about":[154],"ability":[156],"behavior":[159],"real":[161,185],"fact":[165],"it":[167],"takes":[168],"thousands":[169],"for":[172],"multi-agent":[179],"setting":[180],"provides":[181],"new":[182],"evidence":[183],"world":[186],"decision":[187],"makers":[188],"are":[189],"unlikely":[190],"strict":[194],"practice.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
