{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2100532597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054196000191","title":"MULTI-PUSH-DOWN LANGUAGES AND GRAMMARS","display_name":"MULTI-PUSH-DOWN LANGUAGES AND GRAMMARS","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2100532597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054196000191","mag":"2100532597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129054196000191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054196000191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68047077","display_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","issn_l":"0129-0541","issn":["0129-0541","1793-6373"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006809009","display_name":"Luca Breveglieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5294-6840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"LUCA BREVEGLIERI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110637020","display_name":"Alessandra Cherubini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ALESSANDRA CHERUBINI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079493715","display_name":"Claudio Citrini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CLAUDIO CITRINI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Matematica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110477122","display_name":"Stefano Crespi Reghizzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-7402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"STEFANO CRESPI REGHIZZI","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006809009"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5463,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8415512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"07","issue":"03","first_page":"253","last_page":"291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chomsky-hierarchy","display_name":"Chomsky hierarchy","score":0.6560481786727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.625607430934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstract-family-of-languages","display_name":"Abstract family of languages","score":0.6166125535964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pumping-lemma-for-regular-languages","display_name":"Pumping lemma for regular languages","score":0.587036669254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5611215829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator-precedence-grammar","display_name":"Operator-precedence grammar","score":0.5590323805809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-grammar","display_name":"Adaptive grammar","score":0.47619569301605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4625178575515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lemma","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","score":0.4604007303714752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","score":0.4500492215156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-language","display_name":"Regular language","score":0.4492262899875641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.44560423493385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4409024715423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-language","display_name":"Formal language","score":0.4377533197402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-language","display_name":"Context-free language","score":0.42408841848373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.410759299993515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3917163014411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.37118762731552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3378191590309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.25206929445266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21177861094474792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fifth-generation-programming-language","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","score":0.17634570598602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-driven-phrase-structure-grammar","display_name":"Head-driven phrase structure grammar","score":0.13119345903396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.08973494172096252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.08717823028564453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92273848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190913","display_name":"Chomsky hierarchy","level":3,"score":0.6560481786727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.625607430934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3065587","display_name":"Abstract family of languages","level":5,"score":0.6166125535964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157968401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2292874","display_name":"Pumping lemma for regular languages","level":5,"score":0.587036669254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5611215829849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131232501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113343","display_name":"Operator-precedence grammar","level":4,"score":0.5590323805809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680743","display_name":"Adaptive grammar","level":5,"score":0.47619569301605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4625178575515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777759810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149316","display_name":"Lemma (botany)","level":3,"score":0.4604007303714752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11164408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18657800","display_name":"Second-generation programming language","level":4,"score":0.4500492215156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52370388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752532","display_name":"Regular language","level":3,"score":0.4492262899875641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.44560423493385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4409024715423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146072743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192161","display_name":"Formal language","level":2,"score":0.4377533197402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198838072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729271","display_name":"Context-free language","level":3,"score":0.42408841848373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.410759299993515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3917163014411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.37118762731552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3378191590309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25206929445266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21177861094474792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199305712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3205914","display_name":"Fifth-generation programming language","level":3,"score":0.17634570598602295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152862876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379294","display_name":"Head-driven phrase structure grammar","level":3,"score":0.13119345903396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.08973494172096252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.08717823028564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46757340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43238","display_name":"Poaceae","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129054196000191","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054196000191","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68047077","display_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","issn_l":"0129-0541","issn":["0129-0541","1793-6373"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/569737","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/569737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037441184","https://openalex.org/W111608424","https://openalex.org/W2002565773","https://openalex.org/W1989689428","https://openalex.org/W2036666387","https://openalex.org/W2687470277","https://openalex.org/W1481031581","https://openalex.org/W2100532597","https://openalex.org/W1488613149","https://openalex.org/W2089064099"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"class":[2],"of":[3,27,32,70],"languages,":[4],"called":[5],"multi-push-down":[6,59],"(mpd),":[7],"that":[8],"generalize":[9],"the":[10,33,38,68],"classical":[11],"context-free":[12],"(cf,":[13],"or":[14],"Chomsky":[15],"type":[16],"2)":[17],"ones":[18],"is":[19],"introduced.":[20],"These":[21],"languages":[22,48,62],"preserve":[23],"some":[24],"important":[25],"properties":[26],"cf":[28],"languages:":[29],"a":[30,42,58,64],"generalization":[31],"Chomsky-Sch\u00fctzenberger":[34],"homomorphic":[35],"characterization":[36],"theorem,":[37],"Parikh":[39],"theorem":[40],"and":[41],"\u201cpumping":[43],"lemma\u201d":[44],"are":[45,49,54],"proved.":[46],"Multi-push-down":[47,61],"an":[50],"AFL.":[51],"Their":[52],"recognizers":[53],"automata":[55],"equipped":[56],"with":[57],"tape.":[60],"form":[63],"hierarchy":[65],"based":[66],"on":[67],"number":[69],"push-down":[71],"tapes.":[72]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T14:57:38.498316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}