{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086308313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107005315","title":"CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS WITH LINKED NONTERMINALS","display_name":"CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS WITH LINKED NONTERMINALS","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086308313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107005315","mag":"2086308313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129054107005315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107005315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68047077","display_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","issn_l":"0129-0541","issn":["0129-0541","1793-6373"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101996227","display_name":"Andreas Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-367X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ANDREAS KLEIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pure Mathematics and Computer Algebra, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","Department of Pure Mathematics and Computer Algebra, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure Mathematics and Computer Algebra, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pure Mathematics and Computer Algebra, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026803820","display_name":"Martin Kutrib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-2625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200763008","display_name":"Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t Gie\u00dfen","ror":"https://ror.org/033eqas34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200763008"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MARTIN KUTRIB","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t Giessen, Arndtstra\u00dfe 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t Giessen, Arndtstra\u00dfe 2, 35392 Giessen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200763008"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13915143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"06","first_page":"1271","last_page":"1282"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terminal-and-nonterminal-symbols","display_name":"Terminal and nonterminal symbols","score":0.9127529263496399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rewriting","display_name":"Rewriting","score":0.6988551616668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confluence","display_name":"Confluence","score":0.6588898301124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-sensitive-grammar","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","score":0.6533472537994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.6067292094230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-language","display_name":"Formal language","score":0.5253190994262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-adjoining-grammar","display_name":"Tree-adjoining grammar","score":0.5145118236541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5003705024719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48710036277770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.47725602984428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.4752247631549835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degree","display_name":"Degree (music)","score":0.47210991382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closure","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","score":0.46820929646492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3669806718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3301765024662018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16806378960609436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9432014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954063","display_name":"Terminal and nonterminal symbols","level":3,"score":0.9127529263496399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154690210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668499","display_name":"Rewriting","level":2,"score":0.6988551616668701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77906462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140902","display_name":"Confluence","level":2,"score":0.6588898301124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125950753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908674","display_name":"Context-sensitive grammar","level":4,"score":0.6533472537994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.6067292094230652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146072743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192161","display_name":"Formal language","level":2,"score":0.5253190994262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134083981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754022","display_name":"Tree-adjoining grammar","level":4,"score":0.5145118236541748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5003705024719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48710036277770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.47725602984428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.4752247631549835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.47210991382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46820929646492004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3669806718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3301765024662018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16806378960609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1142/s0129054107005315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s0129054107005315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68047077","display_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","issn_l":"0129-0541","issn":["0129-0541","1793-6373"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319815","host_organization_name":"World Scientific","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319815"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["World Scientific"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:744400","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/744400","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 0129-0541","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114081867","https://openalex.org/W120083736","https://openalex.org/W1491614438","https://openalex.org/W1515624550","https://openalex.org/W1598694679","https://openalex.org/W1766054560","https://openalex.org/W1972428948","https://openalex.org/W1982449618","https://openalex.org/W1987709131","https://openalex.org/W2000118875","https://openalex.org/W2017205387","https://openalex.org/W2020396134","https://openalex.org/W2056449710","https://openalex.org/W2071260871","https://openalex.org/W2087945397","https://openalex.org/W2121924470","https://openalex.org/W2130035786","https://openalex.org/W2130630493","https://openalex.org/W2157390113","https://openalex.org/W2162152433","https://openalex.org/W2479946866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999932874","https://openalex.org/W1568123430","https://openalex.org/W2913855759","https://openalex.org/W2915070156","https://openalex.org/W148992791","https://openalex.org/W1994887153","https://openalex.org/W2053959528","https://openalex.org/W2279555082","https://openalex.org/W2030463854","https://openalex.org/W2086308313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,76],"introduce":[1],"a":[2,38,47,109],"new":[3],"type":[4],"of":[5,22,29,37,61,73,82,95,102,111,115],"finite":[6,116],"copying":[7,117],"parallel":[8],"rewriting":[9,118],"system,":[10],"i.":[11],"e.,":[12],"grammars":[13],"with":[14,50,86],"linked":[15],"nonterminals,":[16],"which":[17],"extend":[18],"the":[19,62,71,87,93,100,106,112],"generative":[20],"capacity":[21],"context-free":[23,103],"grammars.":[24],"They":[25],"can":[26],"be":[27,41],"thought":[28],"as":[30],"having":[31],"sentential":[32],"forms":[33],"where":[34],"some":[35],"instances":[36],"nonterminal":[39,48],"may":[40],"linked.":[42],"The":[43],"context-free-like":[44],"productions":[45],"replace":[46],"together":[49],"its":[51],"connected":[52],"instances.":[53],"New":[54],"links":[55],"are":[56,127],"only":[57],"established":[58],"between":[59],"symbols":[60],"derived":[63],"subforms.":[64],"A":[65],"natural":[66],"limitation":[67],"is":[68,108],"to":[69],"bound":[70],"degree":[72,80,90,98],"synchronous":[74],"rewriting.":[75],"present":[77],"an":[78],"infinite":[79],"hierarchy":[81,107,114],"separated":[83],"language":[84],"families":[85],"property":[88],"that":[89],"one":[91],"characterizes":[92],"family":[94,101],"regular":[96],"and":[97],"two":[99],"languages.":[104],"Furthermore,":[105],"refinement":[110],"known":[113,123],"systems.":[119],"Several":[120],"closure":[121],"properties":[122],"from":[124],"equivalent":[125],"systems":[126],"summarized.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}