{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133783249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","title":"From crowdsourced data to policy design: monitoring and forecasting homeless tents","display_name":"From crowdsourced data to policy design: monitoring and forecasting homeless tents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133783249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076536916","display_name":"Wooyong Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2553-1544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wooyong Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903, Virginia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22903, Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057228492","display_name":"Sola Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sola Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85281, Arizona, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85281, Arizona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062798657","display_name":"Dongwook Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6654-9730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongwook Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, 85004, Arizona, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Social Work, Arizona State University, Phoenix, 85004, Arizona, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085541803","display_name":"Andre Sihombing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5607-8160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre Sihombing","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128200164","display_name":"Maryam Tabar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Tabar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, 78249, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, 78249, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405084","display_name":"Dongwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-4437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076536916"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"apc_paid":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34888494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11464","display_name":"Homelessness and Social Issues","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11464","display_name":"Homelessness and Social Issues","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7760999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unintended-consequences","display_name":"Unintended consequences","score":0.5861999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-shortage","display_name":"Economic shortage","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtown","display_name":"Downtown","score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.39320001006126404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7760999798774719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776889888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135789","display_name":"Unintended consequences","level":2,"score":0.5861999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.548799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776556313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050303","display_name":"Downtown","level":2,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2169973","display_name":"Service provider","level":3,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780535194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309901","display_name":"Open data","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779628075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253258","display_name":"Downgrade","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00631-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6427345871925354,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1724011951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#1940076 and #1934782","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310419","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1794719927","https://openalex.org/W1997323260","https://openalex.org/W2065711154","https://openalex.org/W2148319799","https://openalex.org/W2415696624","https://openalex.org/W2789883646","https://openalex.org/W2866540571","https://openalex.org/W2920022148","https://openalex.org/W2963738505","https://openalex.org/W2971679767","https://openalex.org/W3048846140","https://openalex.org/W3068766759","https://openalex.org/W3151516379","https://openalex.org/W3179290525","https://openalex.org/W4220798239","https://openalex.org/W4280626184","https://openalex.org/W4288625073","https://openalex.org/W4306316986","https://openalex.org/W4323928494","https://openalex.org/W4363676506","https://openalex.org/W4390736119","https://openalex.org/W4391437213","https://openalex.org/W4399362740","https://openalex.org/W4401809559","https://openalex.org/W4404612908","https://openalex.org/W4405925095","https://openalex.org/W4406457979","https://openalex.org/W4406458362","https://openalex.org/W4407181126","https://openalex.org/W4407953143","https://openalex.org/W4414997518","https://openalex.org/W7133246522"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Homelessness":[1],"in":[2,159],"the":[3,42,99,109,112,130,139,153,162,191],"United":[4],"States":[5],"remains":[6],"a":[7,15,71,90,205],"persistent":[8],"and":[9,39,44,67,80,107,132,172,179,207,214,224],"growing":[10],"crisis,":[11],"further":[12],"complicated":[13],"by":[14],"shortage":[16],"of":[17,47,102,135,152,165,194],"high-quality,":[18],"high-resolution":[19],"data.":[20],"The":[21],"existing":[22],"Point-in-Time":[23],"(PIT)":[24],"count":[25],"data":[26,58,125,196],"has":[27],"several":[28],"limitations,":[29],"as":[30,89,175],"it":[31],"relies":[32],"on":[33],"single-night":[34],"counts":[35,97],"with":[36,185],"inconsistent":[37],"coverage":[38],"cannot":[40],"capture":[41],"dynamic":[43],"seasonal":[45],"nature":[46],"unsheltered":[48],"homelessness.":[49,231],"To":[50],"address":[51],"this":[52],"gap,":[53],"we":[54,93],"integrate":[55],"multiple":[56],"crowdsourced":[57,124,195],"sources\u2014including":[59],"311":[60],"Service":[61],"Call":[62],"records,":[63],"Mapillary":[64],"street-view":[65],"images,":[66],"OpenStreetMap":[68],"(OSM)":[69],"amenities\u2014into":[70],"spatiotemporal":[72],"variational":[73],"Gaussian":[74],"Process":[75],"(ST-VGP)":[76],"model":[77,110],"for":[78,197,229],"monitoring":[79],"predicting":[81],"daily":[82],"homeless":[83],"tent":[84,96,186],"trends.":[85],"Using":[86],"San":[87],"Francisco":[88],"case":[91],"study,":[92],"leverage":[94],"quarterly":[95],"from":[98,114,147],"city\u2019s":[100],"Department":[101],"Emergency":[103],"Management":[104],"to":[105,117,149,217],"calibrate":[106],"validate":[108],"over":[111],"period":[113],"January":[115],"2016":[116],"May":[118],"2024.":[119],"Our":[120],"results":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"that":[123,144],"provide":[126],"fine-grained":[127],"insights":[128],"into":[129],"spatial":[131],"temporal":[133],"dynamics":[134],"homelessness,":[136],"thereby":[137],"complementing":[138],"PIT":[140],"counts.":[141],"We":[142],"find":[143],"tents":[145],"dispersed":[146],"downtown":[148],"other":[150],"parts":[151],"city":[154],"following":[155],"aggressive":[156],"crackdown":[157],"policies":[158],"2018,":[160],"highlighting":[161],"unintended":[163],"consequences":[164],"short-term":[166],"enforcement":[167],"measures.":[168],"Moreover,":[169],"urban":[170],"amenities":[171],"structures":[173],"such":[174],"banks,":[176],"restaurants,":[177],"bridges,":[178],"highway":[180],"ramps":[181],"are":[182],"significantly":[183],"associated":[184],"locations.":[187],"These":[188],"findings":[189],"underscore":[190],"transformative":[192],"potential":[193],"designing":[198],"sustainable,":[199],"data-driven":[200],"homelessness":[201],"interventions.":[202],"By":[203],"offering":[204],"cost-efficient":[206],"adaptive":[208],"framework,":[209],"our":[210],"approach":[211],"enables":[212],"policymakers":[213],"service":[215],"providers":[216],"allocate":[218],"resources":[219],"proactively,":[220],"evaluate":[221],"policy":[222],"effectiveness,":[223],"move":[225],"toward":[226],"systemic":[227],"solutions":[228],"ending":[230]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-03-06T00:00:00"}
