{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404164336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","title":"Bridging the digital divide: mapping Internet connectivity evolution, inequalities, and resilience in six Brazilian cities","display_name":"Bridging the digital divide: mapping Internet connectivity evolution, inequalities, and resilience in six Brazilian cities","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404164336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069579180","display_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Gozzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9996-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134940468","display_name":"Institute for Scientific Interchange","ror":"https://ror.org/00te2x188","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134940468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55633929","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02md09461","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Gozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy","The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134940468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005653164","display_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Comini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55633929","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02md09461","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Comini","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031799782","display_name":"Nicola Perra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-3064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55633929","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02md09461","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Perra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank Group, Washington, D.C., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069579180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134940468","https://openalex.org/I55633929"],"apc_list":{"value":1690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1690},"apc_paid":{"value":1690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1690},"fwci":1.4565,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82979603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.9359999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9225999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.8536525368690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6698808670043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6469273567199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.5906848907470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"Digital divide","score":0.5666425228118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4497513473033905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.44278591871261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.39377379417419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3424259424209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.32671016454696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2789623737335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24382930994033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2094876766204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1055918037891388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.8536525368690491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6698808670043945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6469273567199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5906848907470703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.5666425228118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4497513473033905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.44278591871261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.39377379417419434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3424259424209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.32671016454696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2789623737335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24382930994033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2094876766204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1055918037891388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/102362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/102362","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/102362/3/s13688-024-00508-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b26f4469eb24797a58c84c9c17fb07f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b26f4469eb24797a58c84c9c17fb07f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00508-8","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404164336.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404164336.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2971554078","https://openalex.org/W3015133000","https://openalex.org/W3025397034","https://openalex.org/W3030583403","https://openalex.org/W3045389117","https://openalex.org/W3089202047","https://openalex.org/W3108545973","https://openalex.org/W3110978830","https://openalex.org/W3113232586","https://openalex.org/W3124811476","https://openalex.org/W3153972578","https://openalex.org/W3165855014","https://openalex.org/W3169255549","https://openalex.org/W3172605098","https://openalex.org/W3187919277","https://openalex.org/W4239447464","https://openalex.org/W4242120125","https://openalex.org/W4379534294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388870064","https://openalex.org/W2210139803","https://openalex.org/W4235186151","https://openalex.org/W2054685365","https://openalex.org/W2056057048","https://openalex.org/W2667588871","https://openalex.org/W2272354214","https://openalex.org/W2084768720","https://openalex.org/W2043010663","https://openalex.org/W2119131258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,169],"investigate":[1,103,148],"the":[2,19,22,90,104,134,149,153,164,188],"evolution":[3],"of":[4,21,47,92,106,124,166,190],"Internet":[5,48,59,72,86,93,107,131,194],"speed":[6,60,73],"and":[7,40,88,201],"its":[8],"implications":[9],"for":[10,137],"access":[11,110,195],"to":[12,64,111,196],"key":[13],"digital":[14,199],"services,":[15,114],"as":[16,18],"well":[17],"resilience":[20,151,204],"network":[23,161,180,203],"during":[24,152,182,205],"crises,":[25],"focusing":[26,115],"on":[27,95,109,116],"six":[28],"major":[29],"Brazilian":[30],"cities:":[31],"Belo":[32],"Horizonte,":[33],"Bras\u00edlia,":[34],"Fortaleza,":[35],"Manaus,":[36],"Rio":[37],"de":[38],"Janeiro,":[39],"S\u00e3o":[41],"Paulo.":[42],"Leveraging":[43],"a":[44,157],"unique":[45],"dataset":[46],"Speedtest":[49],"\u00ae":[50,55],"results":[51],"provided":[52],"by":[53],"Ookla":[54],",":[56],"we":[57,78,102,147],"analyze":[58],"trends":[61],"from":[62],"2017":[63],"2023.":[65],"Our":[66,118],"findings":[67],"reveal":[68],"significant":[69,144],"improvements":[70],"in":[71,160,179,193],"across":[74],"all":[75],"cities.":[76],"However,":[77],"find":[79,171],"that":[80,89,121,172],"prosperous":[81],"areas":[82,126,141,175],"generally":[83],"exhibit":[84],"better":[85],"access,":[87],"dependence":[91],"quality":[94,108,162,181],"wealth":[96],"have":[97,130],"increased":[98],"over":[99],"time.":[100],"Additionally,":[101],"impact":[105],"critical":[112],"online":[113],"e-learning.":[117],"analysis":[119],"shows":[120],"nearly":[122],"13%":[123],"catchment":[125],"around":[127],"educational":[128],"facilities":[129],"speeds":[132],"below":[133],"threshold":[135],"required":[136],"e-learning,":[138],"with":[139],"disadvantaged":[140],"experiencing":[142],"more":[143],"challenges.":[145],"Moreover,":[146],"network\u2019s":[150],"COVID-19":[154],"pandemic,":[155],"finding":[156],"sharp":[158],"decline":[159],"following":[163],"declaration":[165],"national":[167],"emergency.":[168],"also":[170],"less":[173],"wealthy":[174],"experience":[176],"larger":[177],"drops":[178],"crises.":[183,206],"Overall,":[184],"this":[185],"study":[186],"underscores":[187],"importance":[189],"addressing":[191],"disparities":[192],"ensure":[197],"equitable":[198],"services":[200],"enhance":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}