{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403484247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","title":"Drivers of hate speech in political conversations on Twitter: the case of the 2022 Italian general election","display_name":"Drivers of hate speech in political conversations on Twitter: the case of the 2022 Italian general election","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403484247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013385420","display_name":"Francesco Pierri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Pierri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio 34, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013385420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"apc_paid":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"fwci":1.8758,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88031236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.6754518747329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.4644700586795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.43516066670417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-election","display_name":"General election","score":0.4274854063987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4075942933559418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.39899495244026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"Media studies","score":0.35961294174194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3525036573410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3402995467185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1792314052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.14453944563865662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6754518747329712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.4644700586795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.43516066670417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59742305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076105","display_name":"General election","level":3,"score":0.4274854063987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4075942933559418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39899495244026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.35961294174194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3525036573410034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3402995467185974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1792314052581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.14453944563865662}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1102ecf8093445d3840750434acf866a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1102ecf8093445d3840750434acf866a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1275617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1275617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00501-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331528","display_name":"Ministero dell'Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403484247.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W1986678144","https://openalex.org/W2005499496","https://openalex.org/W2163179583","https://openalex.org/W2163898372","https://openalex.org/W2399902206","https://openalex.org/W2605300985","https://openalex.org/W2616866757","https://openalex.org/W2729412353","https://openalex.org/W2794585602","https://openalex.org/W2810302094","https://openalex.org/W2911526406","https://openalex.org/W2954482098","https://openalex.org/W2963145442","https://openalex.org/W2992528239","https://openalex.org/W3015622078","https://openalex.org/W3030392376","https://openalex.org/W3037121621","https://openalex.org/W3039327525","https://openalex.org/W3082364340","https://openalex.org/W3097775121","https://openalex.org/W3099737066","https://openalex.org/W3107314676","https://openalex.org/W3107369942","https://openalex.org/W3117954682","https://openalex.org/W3119315499","https://openalex.org/W3123655755","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W3125759795","https://openalex.org/W3131645232","https://openalex.org/W3133423348","https://openalex.org/W3153120079","https://openalex.org/W3155541393","https://openalex.org/W3156090820","https://openalex.org/W3175973461","https://openalex.org/W3176374646","https://openalex.org/W3195619710","https://openalex.org/W3197986154","https://openalex.org/W3205169765","https://openalex.org/W4206637810","https://openalex.org/W4229005444","https://openalex.org/W4290943938","https://openalex.org/W4313022481","https://openalex.org/W4328054190","https://openalex.org/W4362732279","https://openalex.org/W4381094526","https://openalex.org/W4387574371","https://openalex.org/W4387846225","https://openalex.org/W4390266861","https://openalex.org/W4391172066","https://openalex.org/W4399768406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2890339288","https://openalex.org/W2966672946","https://openalex.org/W3137554057","https://openalex.org/W3205414356","https://openalex.org/W3015693164","https://openalex.org/W2942388309","https://openalex.org/W2996237090","https://openalex.org/W3137972732","https://openalex.org/W3166592327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,20,45,86],"study":[1,92],"the":[2,12,15,39,76,123],"prevalence":[3],"and":[4,31,108,137],"characteristics":[5],"of":[6,42,49,56,62,79],"toxic":[7,57,63,71,84],"speech":[8,97,132],"on":[9,73],"Twitter":[10],"in":[11],"run-up":[13],"to":[14,37,91,98,115,129],"2022":[16],"Italian":[17],"General":[18],"election.":[19],"analyzed":[21],"over":[22,82],"8.5":[23],"M":[24],"tweets":[25],"shared":[26],"by":[27],"450k":[28],"unique":[29],"users":[30],"employed":[32,87],"a":[33],"machine":[34],"learning":[35],"classifier":[36],"estimate":[38],"toxicity":[40],"score":[41],"their":[43],"messages.":[44],"found":[46],"that":[47,94],"supporters":[48],"different":[50],"political":[51,99],"coalitions":[52],"exhibit":[53],"varying":[54],"levels":[55],"speech,":[58],"sending":[59],"between":[60],"6-8%":[61],"messages":[64,72],"overall.":[65],"Notably,":[66],"Centre-Left":[67],"politicians":[68,104],"received":[69],"more":[70,106,113,117],"average,":[74],"with":[75],"largest":[77],"target":[78],"hate":[80,96,131],"receiving":[81],"15,000":[83],"replies.":[85],"Generalized":[88],"Linear":[89],"Models":[90],"factors":[93],"drive":[95],"targets,":[100],"finding":[101],"that,":[102],"importantly,":[103],"employing":[105],"abusive":[107],"harmful":[109],"language":[110],"are":[111],"also":[112],"likely":[114],"attract":[116],"inflammatory":[118],"speech.":[119],"Our":[120],"findings":[121],"underscore":[122],"critical":[124],"need":[125],"for":[126],"targeted":[127],"interventions":[128],"address":[130],"online,":[133],"fostering":[134],"healthier":[135],"dialogue":[136],"safeguarding":[138],"democratic":[139],"discourse.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}