{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379534294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","title":"The adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions and the role of digital infrastructure during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador","display_name":"The adoption of non-pharmaceutical interventions and the role of digital infrastructure during the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia, Ecuador, and El Salvador","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379534294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37305560"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069579180","display_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Gozzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9996-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134940468","display_name":"Institute for Scientific Interchange","ror":"https://ror.org/00te2x188","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134940468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55060895","display_name":"University of Greenwich","ror":"https://ror.org/00bmj0a71","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicol\u00f2 Gozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy","Networks and Urban Systems Centre, University of Greenwich, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134940468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Urban Systems Centre, University of Greenwich, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55060895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005653164","display_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Comini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niccol\u00f2 Comini","raw_affiliation_strings":["The World Bank, Washington, DC USA","The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031799782","display_name":"Nicola Perra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-3064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Perra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5559-3064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031799782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"apc_list":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"apc_paid":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"fwci":2.6244,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91313082,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"18","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.15399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12943","display_name":"COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing","score":0.15399999916553497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.11410000175237656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.07509999722242355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7928322553634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.7592276334762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5738183259963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.5426900386810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.5128669738769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3736693263053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34683531522750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.3221420645713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17776206135749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17188981175422668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7928322553634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7592276334762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5738183259963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.5426900386810303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5128669738769531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3736693263053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34683531522750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3221420645713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17776206135749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17188981175422668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37305560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37305560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ data science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10243255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10243255","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10243255/pdf/13688_2023_Article_395.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Sci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qmro.qmul.ac.uk:123456789/88787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/88787","pdf_url":"https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/bitstream/123456789/88787/2/Perra%20The%20adoption%20of%20non-pharmaceutical%202023%20Published.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400530","display_name":"Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c04829552604da1b8678b2810dcaf7f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c04829552604da1b8678b2810dcaf7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-20 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379534294.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W609253140","https://openalex.org/W1794403333","https://openalex.org/W1882303714","https://openalex.org/W1987464952","https://openalex.org/W1994394210","https://openalex.org/W2058815839","https://openalex.org/W2097699073","https://openalex.org/W2332016763","https://openalex.org/W2548380318","https://openalex.org/W2971554078","https://openalex.org/W3000355524","https://openalex.org/W3010711754","https://openalex.org/W3012479489","https://openalex.org/W3013942622","https://openalex.org/W3015133000","https://openalex.org/W3017190864","https://openalex.org/W3023863810","https://openalex.org/W3025397034","https://openalex.org/W3030583403","https://openalex.org/W3032766692","https://openalex.org/W3032971139","https://openalex.org/W3037107571","https://openalex.org/W3041631794","https://openalex.org/W3045389117","https://openalex.org/W3046281507","https://openalex.org/W3060225493","https://openalex.org/W3083404396","https://openalex.org/W3084588708","https://openalex.org/W3085940770","https://openalex.org/W3086629974","https://openalex.org/W3088745430","https://openalex.org/W3094964170","https://openalex.org/W3095498697","https://openalex.org/W3099011804","https://openalex.org/W3106386073","https://openalex.org/W3108545973","https://openalex.org/W3110978830","https://openalex.org/W3113232586","https://openalex.org/W3116362583","https://openalex.org/W3124811476","https://openalex.org/W3132732596","https://openalex.org/W3135257712","https://openalex.org/W3136272642","https://openalex.org/W3137377063","https://openalex.org/W3138200732","https://openalex.org/W3148949916","https://openalex.org/W3150665193","https://openalex.org/W3153972578","https://openalex.org/W3155026201","https://openalex.org/W3157070895","https://openalex.org/W3158603766","https://openalex.org/W3158720366","https://openalex.org/W3161114805","https://openalex.org/W3165855014","https://openalex.org/W3167804101","https://openalex.org/W3168286532","https://openalex.org/W3169255549","https://openalex.org/W3172605098","https://openalex.org/W3187919277","https://openalex.org/W3189380656","https://openalex.org/W3209240997","https://openalex.org/W4200035287","https://openalex.org/W4205974852","https://openalex.org/W4206180705","https://openalex.org/W4239447464","https://openalex.org/W4281389747","https://openalex.org/W4288076238","https://openalex.org/W4297231324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W4224279380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adherence":[0],"to":[1,9,37,122,136,170],"the":[2,11,29,41,48,60,66,70,83,112,115],"non-pharmaceutical":[3],"interventions":[4],"(NPIs)":[5],"put":[6],"in":[7,73,184],"place":[8],"mitigate":[10],"spreading":[12],"of":[13,43,62,69,85,102,104,114,134],"infectious":[14],"diseases":[15],"is":[16,45],"a":[17,97,119,132,140],"multifaceted":[18],"problem.":[19],"Several":[20],"factors,":[21],"including":[22],"socio-demographic":[23],"and":[24,32,76,87,91,138,146,187],"socio-economic":[25],"attributes,":[26],"can":[27],"influence":[28],"perceived":[30],"susceptibility":[31],"risk":[33],"which":[34],"are":[35,80],"known":[36],"affect":[38],"behavior.":[39],"Furthermore,":[40,94],"adoption":[42],"NPIs":[44,63,137],"dependent":[46],"upon":[47],"barriers,":[49],"real":[50],"or":[51],"perceived,":[52],"associated":[53],"with":[54,164],"their":[55],"implementation.":[56],"Here,":[57],"we":[58,110],"study":[59],"determinants":[61],"adherence":[64,135],"during":[65],"first":[67],"wave":[68],"COVID-19":[71],"Pandemic":[72],"Colombia,":[74],"Ecuador,":[75],"El":[77],"Salvador.":[78],"Analyses":[79],"performed":[81],"at":[82,199],"level":[84],"municipalities":[86,163],"include":[88],"socio-economic,":[89],"socio-demographic,":[90],"epidemiological":[92],"indicators.":[93],"by":[95,129],"leveraging":[96],"unique":[98],"dataset":[99],"comprising":[100],"tens":[101],"millions":[103],"internet":[105,166],"Speedtest\u00ae":[106],"measurements":[107],"from":[108],"Ookla\u00ae,":[109],"investigate":[111],"quality":[113],"digital":[116,147],"infrastructure":[117,148],"as":[118,131],"possible":[120],"barrier":[121],"adoption.":[123],"We":[124,175],"use":[125],"mobility":[126,144,173,179],"changes":[127],"provided":[128],"Meta":[130],"proxy":[133],"find":[139,177],"significant":[141,153],"correlation":[142],"between":[143],"drops":[145],"quality.":[149],"The":[150,192],"relationship":[151],"remains":[152],"after":[154],"controlling":[155],"for":[156],"several":[157],"factors.":[158],"This":[159],"finding":[160],"suggests":[161],"that":[162,178],"better":[165],"connectivity":[167],"were":[168,181],"able":[169],"afford":[171],"higher":[172],"reductions.":[174],"also":[176],"reductions":[180],"more":[182],"pronounced":[183],"larger,":[185],"denser,":[186],"wealthier":[188],"municipalities.":[189],"Supplementary":[190],"Information:":[191],"online":[193],"version":[194],"contains":[195],"supplementary":[196],"material":[197],"available":[198],"10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00395-5.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
