{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3186413058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","title":"Brexit and bots: characterizing the behaviour of automated accounts on Twitter during the UK election","display_name":"Brexit and bots: characterizing the behaviour of automated accounts on Twitter during the UK election","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3186413058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","mag":"3186413058","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35340571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034911892","display_name":"Matteo Bruno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-1977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Bruno","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT School for Advanced Studies, P.zza S. Francesco 19, 55100 Lucca, Italy","IMT School for Advanced Studies, P.zza S. Francesco 19, 55100, Lucca, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4346-1977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies, P.zza S. Francesco 19, 55100 Lucca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies, P.zza S. Francesco 19, 55100, Lucca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034372799","display_name":"Renaud Lambiotte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-4595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renaud Lambiotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, OX2 6GG Oxford, UK","Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, OX2 6GG Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020247420","display_name":"Fabio Saracco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-5927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127077003","display_name":"IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Saracco","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMT School for Advanced Studies, P.zza S. Francesco 19, 55100 Lucca, Italy","Institute for Applied Mathematics, National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy","Institute for Applied Mathematics, National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMT School for Advanced Studies, P.zza S. Francesco 19, 55100 Lucca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics, National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Applied Mathematics, National Research Council, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034911892"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127077003"],"apc_list":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"apc_paid":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"fwci":13.4872,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9871805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"17","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brexit","display_name":"Brexit","score":0.9590997695922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation","display_name":"Misinformation","score":0.8835850954055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.7361065149307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-election","display_name":"General election","score":0.501878023147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.48591628670692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.48578646779060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4586733281612396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy","display_name":"Political economy","score":0.40022867918014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3673669099807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3662731647491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3557972311973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.27060651779174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.2222692370414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.22202056646347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.12880805134773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"International trade","score":0.08275178074836731}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776469822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7888194","display_name":"Brexit","level":3,"score":0.9590997695922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776990098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947","display_name":"Misinformation","level":2,"score":0.8835850954055786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.7361065149307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59742305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076105","display_name":"General election","level":3,"score":0.501878023147583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.48591628670692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.48578646779060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4586733281612396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.40022867918014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3673669099807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3662731647491455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3557972311973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27060651779174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2222692370414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22202056646347046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.12880805134773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.08275178074836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35340571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35340571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ data science","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.14155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.14155","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.14155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6c9938bf6fc54a7482c97e14502c2f21","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6c9938bf6fc54a7482c97e14502c2f21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-24 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:09918897-63b6-4ba7-a2f0-9cd3f289c11c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:09918897-63b6-4ba7-a2f0-9cd3f289c11c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symplectic Elements","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8938738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8938738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Sci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-022-00330-0","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4323684249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"INFRAIA-01-2018-2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274803949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314064","display_name":"Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati","ror":"https://ror.org/004fze387"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316214","display_name":"Scuola IMT Alti Studi Lucca","ror":"https://ror.org/035gh3a49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186413058.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3186413058.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1761171396","https://openalex.org/W1761701990","https://openalex.org/W1837843568","https://openalex.org/W1849719402","https://openalex.org/W1965014932","https://openalex.org/W1996802155","https://openalex.org/W2017987256","https://openalex.org/W2024255776","https://openalex.org/W2047376378","https://openalex.org/W2092024900","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2115364079","https://openalex.org/W2127048411","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2132202037","https://openalex.org/W2137809006","https://openalex.org/W2152284345","https://openalex.org/W2163179583","https://openalex.org/W2319643244","https://openalex.org/W2512714520","https://openalex.org/W2530516247","https://openalex.org/W2550819555","https://openalex.org/W2567791345","https://openalex.org/W2596225776","https://openalex.org/W2724523750","https://openalex.org/W2739215991","https://openalex.org/W2751074899","https://openalex.org/W2753241397","https://openalex.org/W2786236138","https://openalex.org/W2791544114","https://openalex.org/W2804365752","https://openalex.org/W2888571776","https://openalex.org/W2897946500","https://openalex.org/W2900936184","https://openalex.org/W2903353271","https://openalex.org/W2912509673","https://openalex.org/W2914336853","https://openalex.org/W2947145950","https://openalex.org/W2962757815","https://openalex.org/W2963062084","https://openalex.org/W2963908320","https://openalex.org/W3004871860","https://openalex.org/W3014170817","https://openalex.org/W3014935876","https://openalex.org/W3017781087","https://openalex.org/W3019905512","https://openalex.org/W3020951987","https://openalex.org/W3021204052","https://openalex.org/W3021433643","https://openalex.org/W3035082952","https://openalex.org/W3093798014","https://openalex.org/W3098249847","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W3101283776","https://openalex.org/W3101409477","https://openalex.org/W3102635506","https://openalex.org/W3102641634","https://openalex.org/W3102867977","https://openalex.org/W3103655890","https://openalex.org/W3104070739","https://openalex.org/W3105987605","https://openalex.org/W3111234679","https://openalex.org/W3122667271","https://openalex.org/W3122709690","https://openalex.org/W3125182500","https://openalex.org/W3127024247","https://openalex.org/W3129177014","https://openalex.org/W3133423348","https://openalex.org/W3135094997","https://openalex.org/W3135845488","https://openalex.org/W3172152844","https://openalex.org/W3180007050","https://openalex.org/W3184158862","https://openalex.org/W3184830971","https://openalex.org/W4200081692","https://openalex.org/W4232814231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2979683410","https://openalex.org/W3197131596","https://openalex.org/W4390616380","https://openalex.org/W2914690430","https://openalex.org/W4388666321","https://openalex.org/W3084383504","https://openalex.org/W3217365783","https://openalex.org/W4385721336","https://openalex.org/W2740527687"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"Social":[1],"Networks":[2],"(OSNs)":[3],"offer":[4],"new":[5],"means":[6],"for":[7,129,207],"political":[8,19,67,76,79,264,275],"communications":[9],"that":[10,135,193,201,255,267],"have":[11],"quickly":[12],"begun":[13],"to":[14,22,175,178],"play":[15],"crucial":[16,75],"roles":[17],"in":[18,145,153,162,165,278,303],"campaigns,":[20],"due":[21],"their":[23,172,268],"pervasiveness":[24],"and":[25,35,49,65,97,235,281,289,294],"communication":[26],"speed.":[27],"However,":[28],"the":[29,44,61,82,91,100,110,136,142,146,149,163,166,169,179,185,188,194,205,211,217,229,240,262,273,284,298,307],"OSN":[30],"environment":[31],"is":[32,71,251,270],"quite":[33],"slippery":[34],"hides":[36],"potential":[37],"risks:":[38],"many":[39],"studies":[40],"presented":[41],"evidence":[42],"about":[43,113],"presence":[45,137],"of":[46,63,90,93,103,122,138,160,196,210,242,246,256,287,300,306],"d/misinformation":[47],"campaigns":[48],"malicious":[50],"activities":[51],"by":[52,204,291],"genuine":[53],"or":[54],"automated":[55,139,292],"users,":[56,296],"putting":[57],"at":[58],"severe":[59],"risk":[60],"efficiency":[62],"online":[64],"offline":[66],"campaigns.":[68],"This":[69],"phenomenon":[70],"particularly":[72,144],"evident":[73],"during":[74,99],"events,":[77],"as":[78],"elections.":[80,186],"In":[81,105],"present":[83],"paper,":[84],"we":[85,107,155,191,238,260,282],"provide":[86],"a":[87,118,131,157,243],"comprehensive":[88],"description":[89],"networks":[92],"interactions":[94],"among":[95],"users":[96,198],"bots":[98,161,248],"UK":[101,150],"elections":[102],"2019.":[104],"particular,":[106],"focus":[108],"on":[109,115],"polarised":[111],"discussion":[112],"Brexit":[114],"Twitter,":[116],"analysing":[117],"data":[119],"set":[120],"made":[121],"more":[123],"than":[124],"10":[125],"millions":[126],"tweets":[127],"posted":[128],"over":[130],"month.":[132],"We":[133],"found":[134,192],"accounts":[140,200,293],"infected":[141],"debate":[143,231],"days":[147,167],"before":[148,184],"national":[151],"elections,":[152],"which":[154,221],"find":[156],"steep":[158],"increase":[159],"discussion;":[164],"after":[168,220,228],"election":[170,218],"day,":[171,219],"incidence":[173],"returned":[174],"values":[176],"similar":[177],"ones":[180],"observed":[181,239],"few":[182],"weeks":[183],"On":[187],"other":[189],"hand,":[190],"number":[195,245],"suspended":[197,295],"(i.e.":[199],"were":[202],"removed":[203],"platform":[206],"some":[208],"violation":[209],"Twitter":[212],"policy)":[213],"remained":[214],"constant":[215],"until":[216],"it":[222],"reached":[223],"significantly":[224],"higher":[225],"values.":[226],"Remarkably,":[227],"TV":[230],"between":[232],"Boris":[233],"Johnson":[234],"Jeremy":[236],"Corbyn,":[237],"injection":[241],"large":[244],"novel":[247],"whose":[249],"behaviour":[250],"markedly":[252],"different":[253,279,285,304],"from":[254],"pre-existing":[257],"ones.":[258],"Finally,":[259],"explored":[261],"bots'":[263],"orientation,":[265],"finding":[266],"activity":[269],"spread":[271],"across":[272],"whole":[274],"spectrum,":[276],"although":[277],"proportions,":[280],"studied":[283],"usage":[286],"hashtags":[288],"URLs":[290],"targeting":[297],"formation":[299],"common":[301],"narratives":[302],"sides":[305],"debate.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}