{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912465987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","title":"The fragility of decentralised trustless socio-technical systems","display_name":"The fragility of decentralised trustless socio-technical systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912465987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","mag":"2912465987"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019170728","display_name":"Manlio De Domenico","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5158-8594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manlio De Domenico","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Povo, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Povo, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068182184","display_name":"Andrea Baronchelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0255-0829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","display_name":"City, University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04489at23","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Baronchelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics \u2013 City, University of London, London, United Kingdom","UCL Centre for Blockchain Technologies, University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0255-0829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics \u2013 City, University of London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Centre for Blockchain Technologies, University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019170728","https://openalex.org/A5068182184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180825142","https://openalex.org/I2277624104","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"apc_paid":{"value":1190,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1459},"fwci":2.5916,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90092154,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6430338025093079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centralisation","display_name":"Centralisation","score":0.6091393828392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.5721611976623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-system","display_name":"Social system","score":0.5536540150642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fragility","display_name":"Fragility","score":0.5354303121566772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5234229564666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.49883604049682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4808703064918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.440178781747818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failure","display_name":"Cascading failure","score":0.42411476373672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-systems","display_name":"System of systems","score":0.4128015339374542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40558645129203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.32604697346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32260268926620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.23132717609405518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.20737284421920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19555550813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.12122270464897156}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6430338025093079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778786385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190632","display_name":"Centralisation","level":2,"score":0.6091393828392029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.5721611976623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179133015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639378","display_name":"Social system","level":2,"score":0.5536540150642395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80191262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477668","display_name":"Fragility","level":2,"score":0.5354303121566772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5234229564666748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.49883604049682617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4808703064918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.440178781747818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.42411476373672485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87912763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7663737","display_name":"System of systems","level":3,"score":0.4128015339374542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40558645129203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.32604697346687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32260268926620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.23132717609405518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.20737284421920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19555550813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.12122270464897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:21461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/andrea=2Ebaronchelli=2E1.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1904.04192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.04192","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.04192","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4ab06cde290c4c00bcdd1c5b11025055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4ab06cde290c4c00bcdd1c5b11025055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-6 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3412869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","pdf_url":"https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2504380752","display_name":"EPJ Data Science","issn_l":"2193-1127","issn":["2193-1127"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"EPJ Data Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912465987.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912465987.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W893234787","https://openalex.org/W1968164782","https://openalex.org/W2065769502","https://openalex.org/W2149527103","https://openalex.org/W2232384272","https://openalex.org/W2342114889","https://openalex.org/W2559795692","https://openalex.org/W2590533446","https://openalex.org/W2615140801","https://openalex.org/W2768283313","https://openalex.org/W2769051030","https://openalex.org/W2771605021","https://openalex.org/W3101127571","https://openalex.org/W3103071483","https://openalex.org/W3103626019"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138630876","https://openalex.org/W1980714815","https://openalex.org/W3133630643","https://openalex.org/W2805088313","https://openalex.org/W1811988166","https://openalex.org/W3033730492","https://openalex.org/W2170224656","https://openalex.org/W274936877","https://openalex.org/W1661299522","https://openalex.org/W4322747678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"blockchain":[1,14],"technology":[2],"promises":[3],"to":[4,77,94,118],"transform":[5],"finance,":[6],"money":[7],"and":[8,16,48,67,111,121,145,158],"even":[9],"governments.":[10],"However,":[11],"analyses":[12],"of":[13,37,73,81,91,107,142,150,155],"applicability":[15],"robustness":[17],"typically":[18],"focus":[19],"on":[20,59,152],"isolated":[21],"systems":[22,144],"whose":[23],"actors":[24],"contribute":[25],"mainly":[26],"by":[27],"running":[28],"the":[29,35,42,56,64,89,105,108,131,148,153],"consensus":[30],"algorithm.":[31],"Here,":[32],"we":[33,54,134],"highlight":[34],"importance":[36],"considering":[38],"trustless":[39,143],"platforms":[40],"within":[41],"broader":[43],"ecosystem":[44],"that":[45,69,113,130],"includes":[46],"social":[47,74],"communication":[49],"networks.":[50],"As":[51],"an":[52],"example,":[53],"analyse":[55],"flash-crash":[57],"observed":[58],"21st":[60],"June":[61],"2017":[62],"in":[63,124],"Ethereum":[65],"platform":[66],"show":[68],"a":[70,78,98],"major":[71],"phenomenon":[72],"coordination":[75],"led":[76],"catastrophic":[79],"cascade":[80],"events":[82],"across":[83],"several":[84],"interconnected":[85,125,157],"systems.":[86,127],"We":[87,128],"propose":[88,135],"concept":[90],"\u201cemergent":[92],"centralisation\u201d":[93],"describe":[95],"situations":[96,115],"where":[97],"single":[99],"system":[100],"becomes":[101],"critically":[102],"important":[103],"for":[104,139,147],"functioning":[106],"whole":[109],"ecosystem,":[110],"argue":[112],"such":[114],"are":[116],"likely":[117],"become":[119],"more":[120,122],"frequent":[123],"socio-technical":[126],"anticipate":[129],"systemic":[132],"approach":[133],"will":[136],"have":[137],"implications":[138],"future":[140],"assessments":[141],"call":[146],"attention":[149],"policy-makers":[151],"fragility":[154],"our":[156],"rapidly":[159],"changing":[160],"world.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
