{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013829598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","title":"Deep Weisfeiler Leman","display_name":"Deep Weisfeiler Leman","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013829598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","mag":"3013829598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","pdf_url":"https://epubs.siam.org/doi/pdf/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463922","display_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA)","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://epubs.siam.org/doi/pdf/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073893026","display_name":"Martin Grohe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-9142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Grohe","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017685495","display_name":"Pascal Schweitzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3585-8213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153267046","display_name":"University of Kaiserslautern","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrf7b53","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascal Schweitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153267046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010455708","display_name":"Daniel Wiebking","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Wiebking","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00478946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2600","last_page":"2614"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.679492175579071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-isomorphism","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","score":0.6738964319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isomorphism","display_name":"Isomorphism (crystallography)","score":0.6369009017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.520211398601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closure","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","score":0.5059332251548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.4763067960739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4321233034133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.41441091895103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.37688514590263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.32071244716644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.29120028018951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11238661408424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-graph","display_name":"Line graph","score":0.04850605130195618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.679492175579071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61665672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303100","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","level":4,"score":0.6738964319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203436722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902950","display_name":"Isomorphism (crystallography)","level":3,"score":0.6369009017944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.520211398601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146834321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2979672","display_name":"Closure (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5059332251548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.4763067960739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4321233034133911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41441091895103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.37688514590263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.32071244716644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29120028018951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11238661408424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.04850605130195618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115624301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895901","display_name":"Crystal structure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","pdf_url":"https://epubs.siam.org/doi/pdf/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463922","display_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA)","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:822887","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/822887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA) / Editor(s): D\u00e1niel Marx<br/>32. ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, SODA 2021, online, 2021-01-10 - 2021-01-13","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.rwth-aachen.de:822905","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/822905","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401033","display_name":"RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","host_organization_name":"RWTH Aachen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"40 Seiten (2020).","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.10935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.10935","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.10935","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3013829598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.10935.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.10935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2003.10935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","pdf_url":"https://epubs.siam.org/doi/pdf/10.1137/1.9781611976465.154","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463922","display_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA)","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3013829598.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3116982904","https://openalex.org/W2173290940","https://openalex.org/W2262891115","https://openalex.org/W2955084533","https://openalex.org/W1580847017","https://openalex.org/W2963584216","https://openalex.org/W1899929753","https://openalex.org/W2793462183","https://openalex.org/W2260062976","https://openalex.org/W2169108058","https://openalex.org/W2956865288","https://openalex.org/W2013344444","https://openalex.org/W2950070060","https://openalex.org/W2950038686","https://openalex.org/W2398115706","https://openalex.org/W2951244594","https://openalex.org/W2243954424","https://openalex.org/W2114235518","https://openalex.org/W2963746686","https://openalex.org/W2949734384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,29],"introduce":[1],"the":[2,12,25,41,45,70,79],"framework":[3],"of":[4,14,72,81,95],"Deep":[5],"Weisfeiler":[6],"Leman":[7],"algorithms":[8],"(DeepWL),":[9],"which":[10],"allows":[11],"design":[13],"purely":[15],"combinatorial":[16],"graph":[17,75],"isomorphism":[18,76,108],"tests":[19],"that":[20,91,122],"are":[21],"more":[22],"powerful":[23],"than":[24],"well-known":[26,66],"Weisfeiler-Leman":[27],"algorithm.":[28,85],"prove":[30],"that,":[31],"as":[32,44],"an":[33],"abstract":[34],"computational":[35],"model,":[36],"polynomial-time":[37,74,83,106,114],"DeepWL-algorithms":[38],"have":[39],"exactly":[40],"same":[42],"expressiveness":[43],"logic":[46,127],"Choiceless":[47],"Polynomial":[48],"Time":[49],"(with":[50],"counting)":[51],"introduced":[52],"by":[53],"Blass,":[54],"Gurevich,":[55],"and":[56],"Shelah":[57],"(Ann.":[58],"Pure":[59],"Appl.":[60],"Logic.,":[61],"1999).":[62],"It":[63],"is":[64,104,112,124],"a":[65,73,82,105,113,126],"open":[67],"question":[68],"whether":[69],"existence":[71,80],"test":[77],"implies":[78,121],"canonisation":[84,115],"Our":[86],"main":[87],"technical":[88],"result":[89],"states":[90],"for":[92,117],"each":[93],"class":[94],"graphs":[96],"(satisfying":[97],"some":[98],"mild":[99],"closure":[100],"condition),":[101],"if":[102],"there":[103,111,123],"DeepWL":[107],"test,":[109],"then":[110],"algorithm":[116],"this":[118,132],"class.":[119,133],"This":[120],"also":[125],"capturing":[128],"polynomial":[129],"time":[130],"on":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}