{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2043438634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539794270236","title":"A First-Order Isomorphism Theorem","display_name":"A First-Order Isomorphism Theorem","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2043438634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539794270236","mag":"2043438634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1137/s0097539794270236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539794270236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153560523","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","issn_l":"0097-5397","issn":["0097-5397","1095-7111"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078734824","display_name":"Eric Allender","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0650-028X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Allender","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046454039","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 L. Balc\u00e1zar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-4528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Balc\u00e1zar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento L.S.I., U. Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento L.S.I., U. Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053065200","display_name":"Neil Immerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6609-5952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil Immerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Dept., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078734824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92924528,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2","first_page":"557","last_page":"567"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10374","display_name":"Advanced Graph Theory Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11329","display_name":"Limits and Structures in Graph Theory","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2607","display_name":"Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isomorphism","display_name":"Isomorphism (crystallography)","score":0.7494502067565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6582810878753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjecture","display_name":"Conjecture","score":0.6541082262992859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.6501295566558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.573689341545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5670208930969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-isomorphism","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","score":0.4104590117931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4047553539276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23624151945114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09029290080070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.060594797134399414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203436722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902950","display_name":"Isomorphism (crystallography)","level":3,"score":0.7494502067565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6582810878753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780990831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319141","display_name":"Conjecture","level":2,"score":0.6541082262992859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.6501295566558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.573689341545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5670208930969238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61665672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303100","display_name":"Graph isomorphism","level":4,"score":0.4104590117931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4047553539276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23624151945114136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09029290080070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.060594797134399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115624301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q895901","display_name":"Crystal structure","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1137/s0097539794270236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1137/s0097539794270236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153560523","display_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","issn_l":"0097-5397","issn":["0097-5397","1095-7111"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320508","host_organization_name":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SIAM Journal on Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.01RUT_INST:11663449550004646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/A-First-Order-Isomorphism-Theorem/991031654008204646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W144050236","https://openalex.org/W1562115776","https://openalex.org/W1589293917","https://openalex.org/W1801334096","https://openalex.org/W1812706522","https://openalex.org/W1855910751","https://openalex.org/W1970629906","https://openalex.org/W1986804393","https://openalex.org/W1989887898","https://openalex.org/W1998913435","https://openalex.org/W2007569718","https://openalex.org/W2008585307","https://openalex.org/W2008718608","https://openalex.org/W2032145627","https://openalex.org/W2036265926","https://openalex.org/W2043113327","https://openalex.org/W2045583484","https://openalex.org/W2060260518","https://openalex.org/W2060270693","https://openalex.org/W2069864904","https://openalex.org/W2073700765","https://openalex.org/W2089857781","https://openalex.org/W2090186532","https://openalex.org/W2093623799","https://openalex.org/W2095274905","https://openalex.org/W2105505307","https://openalex.org/W2129190740","https://openalex.org/W2130105079","https://openalex.org/W2170111538","https://openalex.org/W2171840823","https://openalex.org/W2276641896","https://openalex.org/W2401610261","https://openalex.org/W4253210619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2796320409","https://openalex.org/W1522602455","https://openalex.org/W2963841142","https://openalex.org/W2964021948","https://openalex.org/W2027628062","https://openalex.org/W1593574365","https://openalex.org/W1959450056","https://openalex.org/W94361082","https://openalex.org/W2513905502","https://openalex.org/W3011692338"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"show":[1],"that":[2,44],"for":[3,56],"most":[4],"complexity":[5,59],"classes":[6],"of":[7,27],"interest,":[8],"all":[9],"sets":[10],"complete":[11,34,39,54],"under":[12,18],"first-order":[13,19,47],"projections":[14],"(fops)":[15],"are":[16],"isomorphic":[17],"isomorphisms.":[20],"That":[21],"is,":[22],"a":[23],"very":[24],"restricted":[25],"version":[26],"the":[28],"Berman--Hartmanis":[29],"conjecture":[30],"holds.":[31],"Since":[32],"\"natural\"":[33,53],"problems":[35],"seem":[36],"to":[37,46],"stay":[38],"via":[40],"fops,":[41],"this":[42],"indicates":[43],"up":[45],"isomorphism":[48],"there":[49],"is":[50],"only":[51],"one":[52],"problem":[55],"each":[57],"\"nice\"":[58],"class.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
